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121-920: On 1 April 1993, the Army's static workshops in Great Britain, previously under the control of the Equipment Support Organisation, were reorganised as the Army Base Repair Organisation. It comprised the headquarters at Andover , a contract repair branch and a network of base and district workshops. It employed 3,581 civilian workers and 219 military staff. Apart from the HQ at Andover, there were other major units at Bovington , Old Dalby, Leics , Catterick , Colchester , Donnington , Stirling and Warminster . Smaller sites were located at Bicester , Edinburgh , Sennybridge and York . On 1 April 2002,

242-464: A court and try criminals for offences committed in Andover. Andover sent MPs to the parliaments of 1295 and 1302–1307. The town was ravaged by two serious fires, in 1141 and 1435. Andover remained a small market town. Processing wool appears to have been the main industry and street names in the area of the town known as "Sheep Fair" commemorate this. A weekly market, and an annual fair were held. As well as

363-644: A fierce temper, but mostly, as historian David Carpenter describes, he had an "amiable, easy-going, and sympathetic" personality. He was unaffected and honest, and showed his emotions readily, easily being moved to tears by religious sermons. At the start of the 13th century, the Kingdom of England formed part of the Angevin Empire spreading across Western Europe . Henry was named after his grandfather Henry II , who had built up this vast network of lands stretching from Scotland and Wales , through England , across

484-495: A former justiciar. The three were appointed by a great council of the nobility at Oxford , and their government came to depend on these councils for authority. Hubert and des Roches were political rivals, with Hubert supported by a network of English barons, and des Roches backed by nobles from the royal territories in Poitou and Touraine . Hubert moved decisively against des Roches in 1221, accusing him of treason and removing him as

605-665: A handful of his favourite palaces and castles . He married Eleanor of Provence , with whom he had five children. Henry was known for his piety , holding lavish religious ceremonies and giving generously to charities; the King was particularly devoted to the figure of Edward the Confessor , whom he adopted as his patron saint . He extracted huge sums of money from the Jews in England , ultimately crippling their ability to do business, and as attitudes towards

726-520: A head in 1224 with the siege of Bedford Castle , which Henry and Hubert besieged for eight weeks; when it finally fell, almost the entire garrison was executed and the castle was slighted . Meanwhile, Louis VIII of France allied himself with Hugh de Lusignan and invaded Poitou and Gascony. Henry's army in Poitou was poorly supplied and lacked support from the Poitevin barons, many of whom felt abandoned during

847-508: A major threat in Wales and along the Welsh Marches . Despite his success in winning the war, William had far less favourable results when attempting to restore royal power following the peace. This was in part because he was unable to offer significant patronage, despite the expectations from the loyalist barons that they would be rewarded. William attempted to enforce the traditional rights of

968-410: A market for grain and flour. In 1175 Andover bought a royal charter granting certain townspeople rights and forming a merchant guild which took over local governance (see ancient borough ); guild members elected two officials (bailiffs) who ran the town. In 1201 King John gave the merchants the right to collect royal taxes in Andover themselves. In 1256 Henry III gave the townspeople the right to hold

1089-597: A means to acquire lands of lesser landholders, through payment defaults. Henry had built the Domus Conversorum in London in 1232 in an attempt to convert Jews to Christianity, and efforts intensified after 1239. As many as 10 per cent of the Jews in England had been converted by the late 1250s in large part due to their deteriorating economic conditions. Many anti-Jewish stories involving tales of child sacrifice circulated in

1210-591: A new shopping centre in the town centre, called the Chantry Centre, were all built and the town's character changed completely. Andover has a purpose-built arts and entertainment venue owned & managed by Test Valley Borough Council called The Lights. This hosts professional artists throughout the year. The venue has a 249 fully raked auditorium, a business suite, a dance studio and a craft studio. The Lights has attracted international artists such as Michael McIntyre . The Town Museum ( Andover Museum and Museum of

1331-770: A number of projects in the town, including The Town Mills Riverside Park and organised events such as the Christmas lights switch on, Four Fun Fridays in the summer and the Artisan Markets. The previous 20-year Andover Vision Strategy, launched in 2005, delivered projects including The Lights Theatre, Odeon cinema, Andover Business Park, the Chapel Arts Centre and events such as the Graduation ceremonies. Watermills have formed an important part in Andover's history. The Domesday Book of 1086 recorded six mills. Rooksbury Mill

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1452-530: A population of 50,887 There is a growing Nepalese population in Andover, reflecting local army connections with the Brigade of Gurkhas . Local TV coverage is provided by BBC South and ITV Meridian . For BBC Local Radio , the town is served by both BBC Radio Solent on 96.1 MHz FM and BBC Radio Berkshire on 104.1 MHz FM. Andover Radio is a community radio station on 95.9 MHz FM, first licensed in 2016. The Independent Local Radio station for

1573-655: A second station, Andover Town , in the town centre on the Andover to Redbridge Line . The line and the station closed to passengers in September 1964 as part of the Beeching Axe . The A303 , a main route from London to South West England, essentially bounds the town to the south. The M4 motorway , to the north, can be reached by way of the A34 trunk road , which continues to Birmingham; or via Marlborough, Wiltshire . In 2021, Andover had

1694-457: A series of defections from the rebel movement, and the tide of the conflict swung in Henry's favour. Louis returned at the end of April and reinvigorated his campaign, splitting his forces into two groups, sending one north to besiege Lincoln Castle and keeping one in the south to capture Dover Castle . When he learnt that Louis had divided his army, William Marshal gambled on defeating the rebels in

1815-495: A single battle. William marched north and attacked Lincoln on 20 May 1217; entering through a side gate, he took the city in a sequence of fierce street battles and sacked the buildings. Large numbers of senior rebels were captured, and historian David Carpenter considers the battle to be "one of the most decisive in English history". In the aftermath of Lincoln, the loyalist campaign stalled and only recommenced in late June when

1936-462: A small force of soldiers to assist his vassal, and Brittany fell to Louis in November. And after the dismissal of des Roches, for the next 24 years, Henry ruled the kingdom personally, rather than through senior ministers. Royal government in England had traditionally centred on several great offices of state, filled by powerful, independent members of the baronage. Henry abandoned this policy, leaving

2057-451: A strategy document set out the ambitions for the town and its future over the next 20 years. The strategy was shaped by local people through extensive consultation and brought together by the Vision partnership. The ambitions will influence how Andover manages the changing environment for the benefit of the whole community as well as providing a way in which local people can play an active role in

2178-542: A usual intermittent stop of Woking ) and some stopping services to places such as Whitchurch . In April 2017, the Department for Transport predicted that train journey times between Andover and London Waterloo would be reduced by nearly 20 per cent after awarding the South Western franchise to South Western Railway; journey times to/from Waterloo to be cut by about 11 to 13 minutes from late 2018. Andover previously had

2299-470: Is Leckford, about 5 miles (8 km) south of the town centre. The absolute maximum temperature recorded was 34.7 °C (94.5 °F) during August 1990. In an average year, the hottest day will achieve a temperature of 29.0 °C (84.2 °F). In total 12.8 days should have a maximum temperature of 25.1 °C (77.2 °F) or above. The absolute minimum temperature recorded was −15.6 °C (3.9 °F) during December 1960. In an average year

2420-600: Is in 950 when King Edred is recorded as having built a royal hunting lodge there. In 962 King Edgar called a meeting of the Saxon 'parliament' (the Witenagemot ) at his hunting lodge near Andover. Of more importance was the baptism, in 994, of a Viking king named "Anlaf" (allied with the Danish king, Sweyn Forkbeard ). The identity of that man was either Olav Tryggvason (king of Norway) or Olof Skötkonung (king of Sweden). The baptism

2541-526: Is one of the few surviving mill buildings in Andover. The existence of Rooksbury Mill is first recorded by name in the 17th century. Functioning as a flour mill, it has passed through a succession of owners. Milling ceased in the early 20th century, after which the mill building went through a series of uses including being used as a small theatre. Test Valley Borough Council sold the building in 2002, shortly after it had been devastated following an arson attack. The new owners, Anthony and Sarah de Sigley, restored

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2662-573: Is operated by both Stagecoach and Salisbury Reds, a brand of Go South Coast . This service is rare in Hampshire in that the operators provide a combined timetable and accept each other's tickets. In 2002 the town became part of the Cango community bus network. Andover's railway station is run by South Western Railway and is close to the town's centre. Trains run to Salisbury , Yeovil Junction , Exeter St Davids , Basingstoke and London Waterloo (with

2783-487: Is the site of the first murder. Henry III of England Henry III (1 October 1207 – 16 November 1272), also known as Henry of Winchester , was King of England , Lord of Ireland , and Duke of Aquitaine from 1216 until his death in 1272. The son of King John and Isabella of Angoulême , Henry assumed the throne when he was only nine in the middle of the First Barons' War . Cardinal Guala Bicchieri declared

2904-579: The Battle of Evesham the following year and freed his father. Henry initially exacted a harsh revenge on the remaining rebels but was persuaded by the Church to mollify his policies through the Dictum of Kenilworth . Reconstruction was slow, and Henry had to acquiesce to several measures, including further suppression of the Jews, to maintain baronial and popular support. Henry died in 1272, leaving Edward as his successor. He

3025-738: The Defence Aviation Repair Agency to become the Defence Support Group with effect from 1 April 2008. Andover, Hampshire Andover ( / ˈ æ n d oʊ v ər / AN -doh-vər ) is a town in the Test Valley district of Hampshire , England. The town is on the River Anton , a major tributary of the Test , and lies alongside the major A303 trunk road at the eastern end of Salisbury Plain , 18 miles (29 km) west of

3146-523: The English Channel to the territories of Normandy , Brittany , Maine , and Anjou in north-west France, and on to Poitou and Gascony in the south-west. For many years the French Crown was relatively weak, enabling first Henry II, and then his sons Richard I and John, to dominate France. In 1204, John lost Normandy, Brittany, Maine, and Anjou to Philip II of France , leaving English power on

3267-506: The English Church and the Papacy backed Henry. John's death had defused some of the rebel concerns, and the royal castles were still holding out in the occupied parts of the country. In a bid to take advantage of this, Henry encouraged the rebel barons to come back to his cause in exchange for the return of their lands, and reissued a version of Magna Carta, albeit having first removed some of

3388-485: The Fourth Lateran Council in 1215; William Marshal continued with his policy despite complaints from the Church. In 1239 Henry introduced different policies, possibly trying to imitate those of Louis of France: Jewish leaders across England were imprisoned and forced to pay fines equivalent to a third of their goods, and any outstanding loans were to be released. Further huge demands for cash followed – £40,000

3509-533: The Holy Roman Empire and Sicily , and Henry sponsored the same writers as the other European rulers. Henry travelled less than previous kings, seeking a tranquil, more sedate life and staying at each of his palaces for prolonged periods before moving on. Possibly as a result, he focused more attention on his palaces and houses; Henry was, according to architectural historian John Goodall , "the most obsessive patron of art and architecture ever to have occupied

3630-610: The House of Commons by Kit Malthouse for the Conservatives . When the Borough Council and Andover Rural District Council were abolished in the local government reorganisation of 1974, and replaced by Test Valley Borough Council (whose area extends south to the edge of Southampton ), Andover became an unparished area , secularly, for 34 years. Andover Town Council was revived in May 2010,

3751-702: The Lusignans , as well as the role of his local officials in collecting taxes and debts. A coalition of his barons, initially probably backed by Eleanor, seized power in a coup d'état and expelled the Poitevins from England, reforming the royal government through a process called the Provisions of Oxford . Henry and the baronial government enacted a peace with France in 1259, under which Henry gave up his rights to his other lands in France in return for King Louis IX recognising him as

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3872-565: The Parliament of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800, and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1918. It was a parliamentary borough , represented by two Members of Parliament (MPs) until 1868, and by one member from 1868 to 1885. The name was then transferred to a county constituency electing one MP from 1885 until 1918. Currently, Andover is in the constituency of North West Hampshire , which since 2015 has been represented in

3993-531: The Poor Law Act, principally involving segregation of a now-obligatory infirmary for local people from the workhouse for the able-bodied, but also better governance. The town was one of the boroughs reformed by the Municipal Reform Act 1835 . The woollen industry had declined but new industries took its place. Taskers Waterloo Ironworks opened at Anna Valley in 1809 and flourished. Many examples of

4114-474: The Stannah Group , whose HQ is also in the town. Among the proposals in the council's Borough Local Plan 2006 are plans to develop the former site of RAF Andover to Class B1, B2 and B8 uses. This site has been partially developed and is named Andover Business Park. The business park currently houses a Co-op Food Distribution centre, Rich Foods Factory, Costa Coffee Drive Thru, Pure Gym , Travelodge and

4235-500: The 1230s–50s, including the account of " Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln " in 1255. The event is considered particularly significant, as the first such accusation endorsed by the Crown. Henry intervened to order the execution of Copin, who had confessed to the murder in return for his life, and removed 91 Jews to the Tower of London. 18 were executed, and their property expropriated by the Crown. At

4356-461: The 16th century and is the oldest school in the town, Harrow Way Community School and Winton Community Academy . Rookwood School , an independent day and boarding school, caters for pupils aged 3 to 18. Another local independent school is Farleigh School , a Catholic prep school. There is one sixth form provision, Andover College , formerly known as Cricklade College. In Agatha Christie 's Hercule Poirot mystery The A.B.C. Murders , Andover

4477-536: The Army Base Repair Organisation was established as a trading fund under the name ABRO. Its services included: ABRO's annual turnover was typically in excess of £147 million and each year carried out work on over 1,000 product lines of military and commercial vehicles and equipment, as well as over 55,000 ad hoc repair tasks. On 22 May 2007, it was announced by the Minister of State for Defence Equipment and Support , Lord Drayson , that ABRO would be merged with DARA,

4598-503: The Chalkhill Blue pub. In the 1950s the Borough Council was approached to become an overspill town for London , to build houses and take people and industry relocated from the overcrowded capital. In 1961 a plan was drawn up to expand to a population of some 47,000 by 1982, with 9,000 new homes to be built. The first new council houses were ready by 1954, and by 1981 the population had risen to 51,000. A bypass, industrial estates and

4719-599: The Church of St Mary, the town had a priory and a hospital run by monks, dedicated to St John the Baptist , and also a lepers hostel to St Mary Magdalene . In 1538 during the Reformation Henry VIII closed the priory and the hospital. In 1571 a free school for the boys of Andover was established in the grounds of St Mary's Church. This in time became Andover Grammar School, and in the 1970s it became John Hanson Community School . The school has occupied various sites in

4840-452: The Confessor's feasts and may have washed the feet of lepers . Henry regularly went on pilgrimages , particularly to the abbeys of Bromholm , St Albans and Walsingham Priory , although he appears to have sometimes used pilgrimages as an excuse to avoid dealing with pressing political problems. Henry shared many of his religious views with Louis of France, and the two men appear to have been slightly competitive in their piety. Towards

4961-530: The Confessor, but the overvalued currency attracted complaints from the City of London and was ultimately abandoned. Henry was known for his public demonstrations of piety and appears to have been genuinely devout. He promoted rich, luxurious Church services, and, unusually for the period, attended mass at least once a day. He gave generously to religious causes, paid for the feeding of 500 paupers each day, and helped orphans. He fasted before commemorating Edward

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5082-418: The Crown from taking extrajudicial action against the barons, including the fines and expropriations that had been common under John. The charters did not address the sensitive issues of the appointment of royal advisers and the distribution of patronage, and they lacked any means of enforcement if the King chose to ignore them. Henry's rule became lax and careless, resulting in a reduction in royal authority in

5203-622: The Crown to approve marriages and wardships, but with little success. Nonetheless, he was able to reconstitute the royal bench of judges and reopen the royal exchequer . The government issued the Charter of the Forest , which attempted to reform the governance of the royal forest . The regency and Llywelyn came to an agreement on the Treaty of Worcester in 1218, but its generous terms–which saw Llywelyn effectively become Henry's justiciar across Wales–underlined

5324-505: The French Crown had enjoyed a considerable, although not overwhelming, advantage in resources, but since then, the balance had shifted further, with the annual income of the French kings almost doubling between 1204 and 1221. Louis VIII died in 1226, leaving his 12-year-old son, Louis IX , to inherit the throne, supported by a regency government. The young French king was in a far weaker position than his father and faced opposition from many of

5445-451: The French and captured their flagship, commanded by Eustace the Monk , who was promptly executed. When the news reached Louis, he entered into renewed peace negotiations. Henry and Louis, together with Henry's mother, Cardinal Guala and William Marshal, came to an agreement on the final Treaty of Lambeth on 12 and 13 September 1217. The treaty was similar to the first peace offer but excluded

5566-521: The French nobility who still maintained ties with England, leading to a sequence of revolts across the country. Against this background, in late 1228 a group of potential Norman and Angevin rebels called upon Henry to invade and reclaim his inheritance, and Peter I, Duke of Brittany , openly revolted against Louis and gave homage to Henry. Henry's preparations for an invasion progressed slowly, and when he finally arrived in Brittany with an army in May 1230,

5687-815: The Helicopter Training School, was formed in January 1945 at RAF Andover . The airfield is no longer in use although the RAF retains a link to the area through the presence of 1213 (Andover) Squadron, Air Training Corps . When the RAF left the site became the Headquarters of the Quartermaster General and later Logistics Executive . In 2001, the Defence Logistics Organisation (DLO) was formed and Andover became one of its major sites. Since 2012,

5808-583: The Holy Roman Empire. During Henry's reign, the Papacy developed a strong, central bureaucracy, supported by benefices granted to absent churchmen working in Rome. Tensions grew between this practice and the needs of local parishioners, exemplified by the dispute between Robert Grosseteste , the bishop of Lincoln , and the Papacy in 1250. Although the Scottish Church became more independent of England during

5929-558: The Iron Age ), based in the former John Hanson Free School building, has a Museum of the Iron Age which was added in 1986 and houses the finds from excavations at nearby Danebury hillfort. In 2021, Andover was named as the sexiest place in Britain. Andover was the name of a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of England from 1295 to 1307, and again from 1586, then of

6050-479: The Jews hardened, he introduced the Statute of Jewry , attempting to segregate the community. In a fresh attempt to reclaim his family's lands in France, he invaded Poitou in 1242, leading to the disastrous Battle of Taillebourg . After this, Henry relied on diplomacy, cultivating an alliance with Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor . Henry supported his brother Richard of Cornwall in his successful bid to become King of

6171-565: The King actually implemented the statute. By 1258, Henry's Jewish policies were regarded as confused and were increasingly unpopular amongst the barons. Taken together, Henry's policies up to 1258 of excessive Jewish taxation, anti-Jewish legislation, and propaganda caused a very important and negative change to the status and security of Jews in England. Henry investigated a range of potential marriage partners in his youth, but they all proved unsuitable for reasons of European and domestic politics. In 1236 he finally married Eleanor of Provence ,

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6292-449: The King declared that the charters were issued of his own "spontaneous and free will" and confirmed them with the royal seal, giving the new Magna Carta and the Charter of the Forest of 1225 far more authority than their previous iterations. The barons assumed that the King would act in accordance with these definitive charters, as he would be subject to the law and his decisions moderated by

6413-433: The King's friends. Henry believed that kings should rule England in a dignified manner, surrounded by ceremony and ecclesiastical ritual. He thought that his predecessors had allowed the status of the Crown to decline, and sought to correct this during his reign. The events of the civil war in Henry's youth deeply affected him, and he adopted Anglo-Saxon king Edward the Confessor as his patron saint , hoping to emulate

6534-465: The King's guardian; the Bishop left England for the crusades. Pandulf was recalled by Rome the same year, leaving Hubert as the dominant force in Henry's government. Initially, the new government had little success, but in 1220, the fortunes of Henry's government began to improve. The Pope allowed Henry to be crowned for a second time, using a new set of regalia. The fresh coronation was intended to affirm

6655-547: The Pope, and in the 1250s Henry's crusading tithes faced similar resistance. The Jews in England were considered the property of the Crown, and they had traditionally been used as a source of cheap loans and easy taxation , in exchange for royal protection against antisemitism . The Jews had suffered considerable oppression during the First Barons' War, but during Henry's early years the community had flourished and became one of

6776-560: The Romans in 1256, but was unable to place his own son Edmund Crouchback on the throne of Sicily , despite investing large amounts of money. He planned to go on crusade to the Levant but was prevented from doing so by rebellions in Gascony . By 1258, Henry's rule was increasingly unpopular, the result of the failure of his expensive foreign policies and the notoriety of his Poitevin half-brothers,

6897-660: The Sainte-Chapelle. Henry was particularly supportive of the mendicant orders ; his confessors were drawn from the Dominican friars , and he built mendicant houses in Canterbury , Norwich , Oxford , Reading , and York , helping to find valuable space for new buildings in what were already crowded towns and cities. He supported the military crusading orders and became a patron of the Teutonic Order in 1235. The emerging universities of Oxford and Cambridge also received royal attention: Henry reinforced and regulated their powers, and encouraged scholars to migrate from Paris to teach at them. A rival institution at Northampton

7018-457: The advice of the nobility. Henry assumed formal control of his government in January 1227, although some contemporaries argued that he was legally still a minor until his 21st birthday the following year. The King richly rewarded Hubert de Burgh for his service during his minority years, making him the Earl of Kent and giving him extensive lands across England and Wales. Despite coming of age, Henry remained deeply influenced by his advisers for

7139-472: The area is Greatest Hits Radio Berkshire & North Hampshire , which broadcasts national and regional music programmes. The licence was first held by Andover Sound , then by The Breeze between 2012 and 2020. The weekly newspaper for the town and the surrounding area is the Andover Advertiser , founded in 1858 and now owned by Newsquest . Andover Vision is a partnership of Andover's residents, community groups, business and public bodies. In April 2017,

7260-412: The authority of the King; Henry promised to restore the powers of the Crown, and the barons swore that they would give back the royal castles and pay their debts to the Crown, on the threat of excommunication. Hubert, accompanied by Henry, moved into Wales to suppress Llywelyn in 1223, and in England his forces steadily reclaimed Henry's castles. The effort against the remaining recalcitrant barons came to

7381-417: The building in 2003, rebuilding much of the original structure. A large flour mill, McDougalls , is close to the railway station. Andover, in common with much of the UK, experiences a maritime climate type, reflected in its limited temperature range and lack of rainy/dry seasons, although rainfall does tend to peak in winter and reach a minimum in summer. The nearest met office weather station to Andover

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7502-427: The campaign did not go well. Possibly on the advice of Hubert, the King decided to avoid battle with the French by not invading Normandy and instead marching south into Poitou , where he campaigned ineffectually over the summer, before finally progressing safely into Gascony . He then made a truce with Louis which was to last until 1234 and returned to England having achieved nothing; historian Huw Ridgeway describes

7623-422: The civil war for Henry and punish the rebels. Guala set about strengthening the ties between England and the Papacy, starting with the coronation itself, where Henry gave homage to the Papacy, recognising Pope Honorius III as his feudal lord. Honorius declared that Henry was his vassal and ward , and that the legate had complete authority to protect Henry and his kingdom. As an additional measure, Henry took

7744-452: The civil war or possibly lost in The Wash , so instead the ceremony used a simple gold corolla belonging to Queen Isabella. Henry later underwent a second coronation at Westminster Abbey on 17 May 1220. The young king inherited a difficult situation, with over half of England occupied by the rebels and most of his father's continental possessions still in French hands. He had substantial support from Cardinal Guala , who intended to win

7865-400: The clauses, including those unfavourable to the Papacy. The move was not successful and opposition to Henry's new government hardened. In February 1217, Louis set sail for France to gather reinforcements. In his absence, arguments broke out between Louis's French and English followers, and Cardinal Guala declared that Henry's war against the rebels was a religious crusade. This resulted in

7986-499: The coldest night will fall to −7.5 °C (18.5 °F). In total 46.6 nights should register an air frost. Total rainfall averages 805 mm (31.7 in) per year, with at least 1 mm (0.039 in) falling on 124 days. All averages refer to the 1971–2000 observation period. The town is served by state, independent and special schools. Secondary education is provided by three state schools. John Hanson Community School , formerly Andover Grammar School, which dates back to

8107-423: The continent limited to Gascony and Poitou. John raised taxes to pay for military campaigns to regain his lands, but unrest grew among many of the English barons; John sought new allies by declaring England a papal fiefdom , owing allegiance to the Pope. In 1215, John and the rebel barons negotiated Magna Carta as potential peace treaty. The treaty would have limited potential abuses of royal power, demobilised

8228-460: The country. By the end of 1217, many former rebels were routinely ignoring instructions and even Henry's loyalist supporters jealously maintained their independent control over royal castles while illegally constructed fortifications, called adulterine castles , had sprung up across much of the country. The network of county sheriffs had collapsed and with it the ability to raise taxes and collect royal revenues. The powerful Prince Llywelyn posed

8349-532: The courts and legal process. Complaints from powerful barons such as William Marshal's son Richard Marshal, 3rd Earl of Pembroke , grew, and they argued that Henry was failing to protect their legal rights as described in the charters of 1225. A civil war erupted between the followers of des Roches and Marshal. Des Roches began by sending his armies into Richard's lands in both Ireland and South Wales . In response, Marshal allied himself with Prince Llywelyn, and his supporters rose up in rebellion in England. Henry

8470-517: The cross, declaring himself a crusader and so entitled to special protection from Rome. Two senior nobles stood out as candidates to head Henry's regency government. The first was William Marshal, who, although elderly, was renowned for his personal loyalty and could help support the war with his own men and material. The second was Ranulf de Blondeville, 6th Earl of Chester , one of the most powerful loyalist barons. William diplomatically waited until both Guala and Ranulf had requested him to take up

8591-531: The end of his reign, Henry may have taken up the practice of curing sufferers of scrofula , often called "the King's evil", by touching them , possibly emulating Louis, who also took up the practice. Louis had a famous collection of Passion Relics which he kept in the Sainte-Chapelle in Paris, and he paraded the Holy Cross through Paris in 1241; Henry took possession of the Relic of the Holy Blood in 1247, marching it through Westminster to be installed in Westminster Abbey, which he promoted as an alternative to

8712-457: The event of war or civil strife. He also kept a menagerie at the Tower, a tradition begun by his father, and his exotic specimens included an elephant , a leopard, and a camel. Henry reformed the system of silver coins in England in 1247, replacing the older Short Cross silver pennies with a new Long Cross design. Due to the initial costs of the transition, he required the financial help of his brother Richard to undertake this reform, but

8833-519: The expedition as a "costly fiasco". Henry's chief minister, Hubert, fell from power in 1232. His old rival, Peter des Roches, had returned to England from the crusades in August 1231 and allied himself with the growing number of Hubert's political opponents. He put the case to Henry that the Justiciar had squandered royal money and lands, and was responsible for a series of riots against foreign clerics. As

8954-521: The first few years of his rule and retained Hubert as his justiciar to run the government, granting him the position for life. The fate of Henry's family lands in France still remained uncertain. Reclaiming these lands was extremely important to Henry, who used terms such as "reclaiming his inheritance", "restoring his rights", and "defending his legal claims" to the territories in diplomatic correspondence. The French kings had an increasing financial, and thus military, advantage over Henry. Even under John,

9075-551: The future of their town. The five themes for the Andover Vision are: Each of the ambitions has a set of 'big ideas'. The big ideas describe what the partnership will work on together for the town and inform the projects that the partnership will take forward through its action plan. The document will also be used as a basis to attract new funding and new opportunities to the town and a guide for partners for their future policies and strategies relating to Andover. The Vision supports

9196-522: The lower classes. Unlike his father, Henry did not exploit the large debts that the barons frequently owed to the Crown, and was slow to collect any sums of money due to him. The royal court was formed round Henry's trusted friends, such as Richard de Clare, 6th Earl of Gloucester ; the brothers Hugh Bigod and Roger Bigod, 4th Earl of Norfolk ; Humphrey de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Hereford ; and Henry's brother, Richard. Henry wanted to use his court to unite his English and continental subjects, and it included

9317-838: The machinery produced by Taskers can be seen at the Milestones Museum in Basingstoke. Andover Guildhall , which enjoys a prominent location in the High Street, opened in 1825. The town's largest employer is the Ministry of Defence. RAF Andover was opened on Andover Airfield, to the south of the town, during the First World War and became the site of the RAF Staff College. In 1926, the Andover War Memorial Hospital

9438-513: The main Exeter – Salisbury – London road, the place became a refuelling or overnight stop for stagecoaches and other passing trade. More than 30 coaches passed through the town each day. In 1789 a canal to Southampton was opened, though this was never a commercial success and closed in 1859. In 1836 the Borough established a small police force: for the most part two constables and a gaoler. Andover

9559-419: The major lords, had little power, allowing the major barons to dominate the local justice system. The power of royal sheriffs also declined during Henry's reign. They were now often lesser men appointed by the exchequer, rather than coming from important local families, and they focused on generating revenue for the King. Their robust attempts to enforce fines and collect debts generated much unpopularity among

9680-407: The military defences and the internal accommodation of these castles were significantly improved. A huge overhaul of Windsor Castle produced a lavish palace complex, whose style and detail inspired many subsequent designs in England and Wales. The Tower of London was extended to form a concentric fortress with extensive living quarters, although Henry primarily used the castle as a secure retreat in

9801-476: The most prosperous in Europe. This was primarily the result of the stance taken by the regency government, which took a range of measures to protect the Jews and encourage lending. This was driven by financial self-interest, as they stood to profit considerably from a strong Jewish community in England. Their policy ran counter to the instructions being sent from the Pope, who had laid out strong anti-Jewish measures at

9922-449: The negotiations were completed, Richard died of wounds suffered in battle, leaving his younger brother Gilbert to inherit his lands. The final settlement was confirmed in May, and Henry was widely praised for his humility in submitting to the slightly embarrassing peace. Meanwhile, the truce with France regarding Brittany expired, and Henry's ally Duke Peter quickly found himself subjected to French military pressure. Henry could only send

10043-517: The night of 18 October, leaving the nine-year-old Henry as his heir. Henry was staying safely at Corfe Castle in Dorset with his mother when King John died. On his deathbed, John appointed a council of thirteen executors to help Henry reclaim the kingdom and requested that his son be placed into the guardianship of William Marshal , one of the most famous knights in England. The loyalist leaders decided to crown Henry immediately to reinforce his claim to

10164-404: The originally French knight Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester , who had married Henry's sister Eleanor, in addition to the later influxes of Henry's Savoyard and Lusignan relatives. The court followed European styles and traditions, and was heavily influenced by Henry's Angevin family traditions: French was the spoken language, it had close links to the royal courts of France, Castile ,

10285-577: The period, the Papal Legates helped Henry continue to apply influence over its activities at a distance. Pope Innocent IV 's attempts to raise funds began to face opposition from within the English Church during Henry's reign. In 1240, the Papal emissary's collection of taxes to pay for the Papacy's war with Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II resulted in protests, ultimately overcome with the help of Henry and

10406-601: The political climate became increasingly hostile, Hubert decided to seek sanctuary in Merton Priory , but Henry had him arrested and imprisoned in the Tower of London . Des Roches took over the King's government, backed by the Poitevin baronial faction in England, who saw this as a chance to take back lands that had been seized and given to Hubert's followers over the previous decades. Des Roches used his new authority to begin stripping his opponents of their estates while circumventing

10527-430: The post before assuming power. William then appointed des Roches to be Henry's guardian, freeing himself up to lead the military effort. The war was not going well for the loyalists and the new regency government considered retreating to Ireland . Prince Louis and the rebel barons were also finding it difficult to make further progress. Despite Louis controlling Westminster Abbey , he could not be crowned king because

10648-477: The post of justiciar vacant and turning the position of chancellor into a more junior role. A small royal council was formed but its role was ill-defined; appointments, patronage, and policy were decided personally by Henry and his immediate advisers, rather than through the larger councils that had marked his early years. The changes made it much harder for those outside Henry's inner circle to influence policy or to pursue legitimate grievances, particularly against

10769-431: The provinces and, ultimately, the collapse of his authority at court. The inconsistency with which he applied the charters over the course of his rule alienated many barons, even those within his own faction. The term " parliament " first appeared in the 1230s and 1240s to describe large gatherings of the royal court and parliamentary gatherings were held periodically throughout Henry's reign. They were used to agree upon

10890-399: The provision of royal justice was inconsistent and driven by the needs of immediate politics: sometimes action would be taken to address a legitimate baronial complaint, and on other occasions, the problem would simply be ignored. The royal eyres , courts which toured the country to provide justice at the local level, typically for those lesser barons and the gentry claiming grievances against

11011-404: The raising of taxes which, in the 13th century, were single, one-off levies, typically on movable property , and intended to support the King's normal revenues for particular projects. During Henry's reign, the counties began to send regular delegations to these parliaments and came to represent a broader cross-section of the community than simply the major barons. Despite the various charters,

11132-440: The rebel armies and set up a power-sharing arrangement, but in practice, neither side complied with its conditions. John and the loyalist barons firmly rejected Magna Carta and the First Barons' War erupted, with the rebel barons aided by Philip's son Louis (later Louis VIII), who claimed the English throne for himself. The war soon settled into a stalemate, with neither side able to claim victory. The king became ill and died on

11253-487: The rebel clergy, whose lands and appointments remained forfeit. Louis accepted a gift of ~£6,700 to speed his departure from England, and promised to try to persuade King Philip to return Henry's lands in France. Louis left England as agreed and joined the Albigensian Crusade in the south of France. With the end of the civil war, Henry's government faced the task of rebuilding royal authority across large parts of

11374-472: The recoinage occurred quickly and efficiently. Between 1243 and 1258, the King assembled two great hoards , or stockpiles, of gold. In 1257, Henry needed to spend the second of these hoards urgently and, rather than selling the gold quickly and depressing its value, he decided to introduce gold pennies into England, following the popular trend in Italy . The gold pennies resembled the gold coins issued by Edward

11495-556: The rightful ruler of Gascony. The baronial regime collapsed, but Henry was unable to reform a stable government, and instability across England continued. In 1263, one of the more radical barons, Simon de Montfort , seized power, resulting in the Second Barons' War . Henry persuaded Louis to support his cause and mobilised an army. The Battle of Lewes was fought in 1264 when Henry was defeated and taken prisoner. Henry's eldest son, Edward , escaped from captivity to defeat de Montfort at

11616-685: The site has been the home of Army Headquarters . The Armed Forces Chaplaincy Centre is based locally at Amport House , as is the Army Air Corps Centre and the Museum of Army Flying at Middle Wallop . Major industries include Twinings the tea and coffee firm, Ducal Pine Furniture (until they closed in 2003), Thomson International Publishers, who produce the Pitkin Guides to be found in many churches and other notable buildings, financial institutions such as Simplyhealth and Lloyds Banking Group, and

11737-470: The throne of England". Henry extended the royal complex at Westminster in London, one of his favourite homes, rebuilding the palace and the abbey at a cost of almost £55,000. He spent more time in Westminster than any of his predecessors, shaping the formation of England's capital city. He spent £58,000 on his royal castles, carrying out major works at the Tower of London , Lincoln and Dover . Both

11858-442: The throne. William knighted the boy, and Cardinal Guala Bicchieri , the papal legate to England, then oversaw his coronation at Gloucester Cathedral on 28 October 1216. In the absence of Archbishops Stephen Langton of Canterbury and Walter de Gray of York , Henry was anointed by Bishops Sylvester of Worcester and Simon of Exeter , and crowned by Peter des Roches . The royal crown had been either lost or sold during

11979-415: The time, the Jews were mortgaged to Richard of Cornwall , who intervened to release the Jews that were not executed, probably also with the backing of Dominican or Franciscan friars . Henry passed the Statute of Jewry in 1253, which attempted to stop the construction of synagogues and enforce the wearing of Jewish badges , in line with existing Church pronouncements; it remains unclear to what extent

12100-546: The town of Basingstoke . It is 14 miles (23 km) from Winchester , 35 miles (56 km) north of Southampton and 65 miles (105 km) from London. The town developed as a centre for grain milling and wool processing, and in the 20th century it took on a significant Armed Forces presence. Andover's name is recorded in Old English in 955 as Andeferas , and is thought to be of Celtic origin: compare Welsh onn dwfr = "ash (tree) water". The first mention in history

12221-454: The town over the course of its history and is currently located in Floral Way. In 1599 the town received a new charter from Elizabeth I . The merchants guild was made a corporation and the number of annual fairs was increased from one to three. Like other towns Andover suffered from outbreaks of plague . There were outbreaks in 1603–1605, 1625–1626 and 1636. During the 18th century, being on

12342-576: The town. Slowly the town grew from about 11,000 and by 1960 had a population of about 17,000, because already some Londoners were being housed in the first of the council houses and flats being constructed. During the Second World War , the RAF Staff College was the headquarters of RAF Maintenance Command , and gained a unique place in British history, as the first British military helicopter unit,

12463-439: The townsfolk electing an initial 19 members, and since 2017 has included a Town Mayor. Almost all areas of the town are served, and there are longer distance connections to the surrounding towns and villages. The majority of the buses in the town are operated by Stagecoach South , including inter-urban services to Basingstoke and Salisbury. The Active8 service connects the smaller town of Tidworth with Andover and Salisbury, and

12584-542: The victors had arranged the ransoming of their prisoners. Meanwhile, support for Louis's campaign was diminishing in France, and he concluded that the war in England was lost. Louis negotiated terms with Cardinal Guala, under which he would renounce his claim to the English throne; in return, his followers would be given back their lands, any sentences of excommunication would be lifted and Henry's government would promise to enforce Magna Carta. The proposed agreement soon began to unravel amid claims from some loyalists that it

12705-469: The war against the rebel barons to be a religious crusade and Henry's forces, led by William Marshal , defeated the rebels at the battles of Lincoln and Sandwich in 1217. Henry promised to abide by Great Charter of 1225 , a later version of the 1215 Magna Carta , which limited royal power and protected the rights of the major barons. His early rule was dominated first by Hubert de Burgh and then Peter des Roches , who re-established royal authority after

12826-438: The war. In 1230, the King attempted to reconquer the provinces of France that had once belonged to his father, but the invasion was a debacle. A revolt led by William Marshal's son Richard broke out in 1232, ending in a peace settlement negotiated by the Church . Following the revolt, Henry ruled England personally, rather than governing through senior ministers. He travelled less than previous monarchs, investing heavily in

12947-414: The way in which Edward had brought peace to England and reunited his people in order and harmony. Henry tried to use his royal authority leniently, hoping to appease the more hostile barons and maintain peace in England. As a result, despite a symbolic emphasis on royal power, Henry's rule was relatively circumscribed and constitutional. He generally acted within the terms of the charters, which prevented

13068-549: The weakness of the English Crown. Henry's mother was unable to establish a role for herself in the regency government and she returned to France in 1217, marrying Hugh X de Lusignan , a powerful Poitevin noble. William Marshal fell ill and died in April 1219. The replacement government was formed around a grouping of three senior ministers: Pandulf Verraccio , the replacement Papal legate; Peter des Roches ; and Hubert de Burgh ,

13189-469: The years of Henry's minority; as a result, the province fell quickly. It became clear that Gascony would also fall unless reinforcements were sent from England. In early 1225 a great council approved a tax of £40,000 to dispatch an army, which managed to retake Gascony. In exchange for agreeing to support Henry, the barons demanded that he reissue Magna Carta as well as the Charter of the Forest . This time

13310-548: Was born in Winchester Castle on 1 October 1207. He was the eldest son of King John and Isabella of Angoulême . Little is known of Henry's early life. He was initially looked after by a wet nurse called Ellen in the south of England, away from John's itinerant court, and probably had close ties to his mother. Henry had four legitimate younger brothers and sisters – Richard , Joan , Isabella , and Eleanor – and various older illegitimate siblings. In 1212 his education

13431-472: Was buried in Westminster Abbey , which he had rebuilt in the second half of his reign, and was moved to his current tomb in 1290. Some miracles were declared after his death, but he was not canonised . Henry's reign of 56 years was the longest in medieval English history and would not be surpassed by an English, or later British, monarch until that of George III in the 18th and 19th centuries. Henry

13552-466: Was declared by the King to be a mere school and not a true university. The support given to Henry by the Papacy during his early years had a lasting influence on his attitude towards Rome, and he defended the mother church diligently throughout his reign. Rome in the 13th century was at once both the centre of the Europe-wide Church and a political power in central Italy, threatened militarily by

13673-545: Was demanded in 1244, for example, of which around two-thirds was collected within five years – destroying the ability of the Jewish community to lend money commercially. The financial pressure Henry placed on the Jews caused them to force repayment or sale of loans, fuelling anti-Jewish resentment. The sale of Jewish bonds was a particular grievance among smaller landowners such as knights, as bonds were bought at low prices and used by richer barons and members of Henry's royal circle as

13794-451: Was entrusted to Peter des Roches , the bishop of Winchester ; under his direction, Henry was given military training by Philip d'Aubigny and taught to ride, probably by Ralph of St Samson. Little is known about Henry's appearance; he was probably around 1.68 metres (5 ft 6 in) tall, and accounts recorded after his death suggested that he had a strong build, with a drooping eyelid . Henry grew up to occasionally show flashes of

13915-403: Was formed in 1875 to provide piped water to the town and a system of sewers and drains was built in 1899–1902. The public library opened in 1897. Despite this burgeoning of the amenities of the town, in 1845–1846 a notorious scandal brought to light evidence of beatings, sexual abuse and general mistreatment of workhouse inmates by the overseers. The enquiry and public reaction led indirectly to

14036-463: Was linked to Swindon and destinations further north with the Swindon, Marlborough and Andover Railway . The population grew from 3,304 in 1801 to 5,501 in 1871. During the 19th century the town acquired all the usual additions: a theatre in 1803, gas street lighting in 1838, a fire station and cottage hospital in 1877, a swimming pool opened in 1885 and a recreation ground opened in 1887. A water company

14157-515: Was linked to Basingstoke and thus to London on its new railway to Salisbury (shortly thereafter to Exeter beyond) when Andover junction station was opened on 3 July 1854. A railway from the 1860s ran to Southampton, built on the bed of the canal, for about 100 years, until 1964. The land, together with the adjacent gasworks and P.M. Coombes woodyards, was then sold to the TSB Trust Company who later built their headquarters there. In 1883, Andover

14278-406: Was opened by Field Marshall Edmund Allenby . The hospital currently provides inpatient rehabilitation, day hospital services, a minor injury unit and an outpatient unit, and is operated by Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , with some services being provided by Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust . In 1932, Andover gained a new industry when the printers for Kelly's Directory moved to

14399-594: Was part of a deal with the English king, Æthelred the Unready , whereby the Viking stopped ravaging England and returned home. At the time of the Domesday Book (1086), Andovere had 107 adult male inhabitants and probably had a total population of about 500. It was a relatively large settlement; most villages had only 100 to 150 people. Andover had six watermills which ground grain to flour. The town's relative isolation implies

14520-448: Was too generous towards the rebels, particularly the clergy who had joined the rebellion. In the absence of a settlement, Louis remained in London with his remaining forces. On 24 August 1217, a French fleet arrived off the coast of Sandwich , bringing soldiers, siege engines , and fresh supplies to Louis. Hubert de Burgh , Henry's justiciar , set sail to intercept it, resulting in the Battle of Sandwich . De Burgh's fleet scattered

14641-462: Was unable to gain a clear military advantage and became concerned that Louis of France might seize the opportunity to invade Brittany – as their truce was about to expire – while he was distracted at home. Edmund of Abingdon , the Archbishop of Canterbury , intervened in 1234 and held several great councils, advising Henry to accept the dismissal of des Roches. Henry agreed to make peace, but, before

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