Misplaced Pages

#868131

40-579: The Association of American Feed Control Officials ( AAFCO ) is a non-profit organization which sets standards for the quality and safety of animal feed ( fodder ) and pet food in the United States . AAFCO is a voluntary organization consisting largely of state officials who have responsibility for enforcing their state's laws and regulations concerning the safety of animal feeds. AAFCO also establishes standard ingredient definitions and nutritional requirements for animal feed/pet food. Most states have adopted

80-426: A mycelium , is considered a single organism . The hyphae are generally transparent, so the mycelium appears like very fine, fluffy white threads over the surface. Cross-walls (septa) may delimit connected compartments along the hyphae, each containing one or multiple, genetically identical nuclei . The dusty texture of many molds is caused by profuse production of asexual spores ( conidia ) formed by differentiation at

120-552: A carefully-controlled environment. Hydroponically-grown sprouted fodder at 150 mm tall with a 50 mm root mat is at its peak for animal feed. Although products such as barley are grain, when sprouted they are approved by the American Grassfed Association to be used as livestock feed. Mold (fungus) A mold ( US , PH ) or mould ( UK , CW ) is one of the structures that certain fungi can form. The dust-like, colored appearance of molds

160-498: A chronic cough; headaches or migraines; difficulty breathing; rashes; tiredness; sinus problems; nasal blockage and frequent sneezing. Molds can also pose a hazard to human and animal health when they are consumed following the growth of certain mold species in stored food. Some species produce toxic secondary metabolites, collectively termed mycotoxins , including aflatoxins , ochratoxins , fumonisins , trichothecenes , citrinin , and patulin . These toxic properties may be used for

200-859: A feed source may cause economic losses due to sickness or death of the animals. The US Department of Health and Human Services regulates drugs of the Veterinary Feed Directive type that can be present within commercial livestock feed. Increasing intensities and frequencies of drought events put rangeland agriculture under pressure in semi-arid and arid geographic areas. Innovative emergency fodder production concepts have been reported, such as bush-based animal fodder production in Namibia. During extended dry periods, some farmers have used woody biomass fibre from encroacher bush as their primary source of cattle feed, adding locally-available supplements for nutrients as well as to improve palatability. Fodder in

240-404: A full-blown outbreak if certain conditions are met. Various practices can be followed to mitigate mold issues in buildings, the most important of which is to reduce moisture levels that can facilitate mold growth. Air filtration reduces the number of spores available for germination, especially when a High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filter is used. A properly functioning AC unit also reduces

280-423: A known period of time. To account for background levels, air samples should be drawn from the affected area, a control area, and the exterior. The air sampler pump draws in air and deposits microscopic airborne particles on a culture medium. The medium is cultured in a laboratory and the fungal genus and species are determined by visual microscopic observation. Laboratory results also quantify fungal growth by way of

320-603: A major source of food losses and illness. Many strategies for food preservation (salting, pickling, jams, bottling, freezing, drying) are to prevent or slow mold growth as well as the growth of other microbes. Molds reproduce by producing large numbers of small spores , which may contain a single nucleus or be multinucleate . Mold spores can be asexual (the products of mitosis ) or sexual (the products of meiosis ); many species can produce both types. Some molds produce small, hydrophobic spores that are adapted for wind dispersal and may remain airborne for long periods; in some

360-487: A powdery white coating on some varieties of dry-cured sausage. Other molds that have been used in food production include: Alexander Fleming 's accidental discovery of the antibiotic penicillin involved a Penicillium mold called Penicillium rubrum (although the species was later established to be Penicillium rubens ). Fleming continued to investigate penicillin, showing that it could inhibit various types of bacteria found in infections and other ailments, but he

400-434: A property. Various artists have used mold in various artistic fashions. Daniele Del Nero, for example, constructs scale models of houses and office buildings and then induces mold to grow on them, giving them an unsettling, reclaimed-by-nature look. Stacy Levy sandblasts enlarged images of mold onto glass, then allows mold to grow in the crevasses she has made, creating a macro-micro portrait. Sam Taylor-Johnson has made

440-403: A soybean and wheat mixture to make soybean paste and soy sauce . Koji molds break down the starch in rice, barley, sweet potatoes, etc., a process called saccharification , in the production of sake , shōchū and other distilled spirits. Koji molds are also used in the preparation of Katsuobushi . Red rice yeast is a product of the mold Monascus purpureus grown on rice, and

SECTION 10

#1732876075869

480-468: A spore count for comparison among samples. The pump operation time is recorded and when multiplied by pump flow rate results in a specific volume of air obtained. Although a small volume of air is actually analyzed, common laboratory reports extrapolate the spore count data to estimate spores that would be present in a cubic meter of air. Mold spores are drawn to specific environments, making it easier for them to grow. These spores will usually only turn into

520-406: A variety of health problems as microscopic airborne reproductive spores, analogous to tree pollen, are inhaled by building occupants. High quantities of indoor airborne spores as compared to exterior conditions are strongly suggestive of indoor mold growth. Determination of airborne spore counts is accomplished by way of an air sample, in which a specialized pump with a known flow rate is operated for

560-477: A very few opportunistic pathogens of humans. They all require moisture for growth and some live in aquatic environments. Like all fungi, molds derive energy not through photosynthesis but from the organic matter on which they live, utilizing heterotrophy . Typically, molds secrete hydrolytic enzymes , mainly from the hyphal tips. These enzymes degrade complex biopolymers such as starch , cellulose and lignin into simpler substances which can be absorbed by

600-666: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Fodder The worldwide animal feed trade produced 1.245 billion tons of compound feed in 2022 according to an estimate by the International Feed Industry Federation, with an annual growth rate of about 2%. The use of agricultural land to grow feed rather than human food can be controversial (see food vs. feed ); some types of feed, such as corn ( maize ), can also serve as human food; those that cannot, such as grassland grass, may be grown on land that can be used for crops consumed by humans. In many cases

640-737: Is common in Asian diets. The yeast contains several compounds collectively known as monacolins , which are known to inhibit cholesterol synthesis. A study has shown that red rice yeast used as a dietary supplement, combined with fish oil and healthy lifestyle changes, may help reduce "bad" cholesterol as effectively as certain commercial statin drugs. Nonetheless, other work has shown it may not be reliable (perhaps due to non-standardization) and even toxic to liver and kidneys. Some sausages , such as salami , incorporate starter cultures of molds to improve flavor and reduce bacterial spoilage during curing. Penicillium nalgiovense , for example, may appear as

680-489: Is due to the formation of spores containing fungal secondary metabolites . The spores are the dispersal units of the fungi. Not all fungi form molds. Some fungi form mushrooms ; others grow as single cells and are called microfungi (for example yeasts ). A large and taxonomically diverse number of fungal species form molds. The growth of hyphae results in discoloration and a fuzzy appearance, especially on food. The network of these tubular branching hyphae, called

720-471: Is visible to the unaided eye only when they form large colonies . A mold colony does not consist of discrete organisms but is an interconnected network of hyphae called a mycelium . All growth occurs at hyphal tips, with cytoplasm and organelles flowing forwards as the hyphae advance over or through new food sources. Nutrients are absorbed at the hyphal tip. In artificial environments such as buildings, humidity and temperature are often stable enough to foster

760-649: The AAFCO models or use them in the regulation of animal feed/pet food. AAFCO meets twice yearly, typically in January and August, so that committees and the board of directors can conduct the organization's business of assessing the need for changes to the Model Bill, model regulations, ingredient definitions, etc. Once per year, the latest version of all AAFCO-approved documents is printed in the organization's Official Publication. Its voting members are representatives from each state in

800-535: The FDA, AAFCO has no regulatory authority. However, AAFCO members have enforcement authority in their respective state or federal agencies. The AAFCO model regulations on feed ingredients have been adopted by many states; other states have adopted similar regulations. In 2007, the Center for Veterinary Medicine at the FDA formalized its relationship with AAFCO in identifying feed ingredients. The AAFCO official publication contains

840-555: The United States, Puerto Rico , Costa Rica , Canada , the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture . Additionally, there are non-voting advisors on each AAFCO committee who are mainly from industry, such as the National Grain and Feed Association , Pet Food Institute , and American Feed Industry Association . AAFCO meets twice per year, in January and August, to conduct its business. Unlike

SECTION 20

#1732876075869

880-525: The benefit of humans when the toxicity is directed against other organisms; for example, penicillin adversely affects the growth of Gram-positive bacteria (e.g. Clostridium species), certain spirochetes and certain fungi . Mold growth in buildings generally occurs as fungi colonize porous building materials, such as wood. Many building products commonly incorporate paper, wood products, or solid wood members, such as paper-covered drywall, wood cabinets, and insulation. Interior mold colonization can lead to

920-460: The cell walls are darkly pigmented, providing resistance to damage by ultraviolet radiation . Other mold spores have slimy sheaths and are more suited to water dispersal. Mold spores are often spherical or ovoid single cells, but can be multicellular and variously shaped. Spores may cling to clothing or fur; some are able to survive extremes of temperature and pressure. Although molds can grow on dead organic matter everywhere in nature, their presence

960-404: The ends of hyphae. The mode of formation and shape of these spores is traditionally used to classify molds. Many of these spores are colored, making the fungus much more obvious to the human eye at this stage in its life-cycle. Molds are considered to be microbes and do not form a specific taxonomic or phylogenetic grouping, but can be found in the divisions Zygomycota and Ascomycota . In

1000-536: The form of sprouted cereal grains such as barley , and legumes can be grown in small and large quantities. Systems have been developed recently that allow for many tons of sprouts to be produced each day, year round. Sprouted grains can significantly increase the nutritional value of the grain compared with feeding the ungerminated grain to stock. In addition, they use less water than traditional forage, making them ideal for drought conditions. Sprouted barley and other cereal grains can be grown hydroponically in

1040-558: The growth of mold colonies, commonly seen as a downy or furry coating growing on food or other surfaces. Few molds can begin growing at temperatures of 4 °C (39 °F) or below, so food is typically refrigerated at this temperature. When conditions do not enable growth to take place, molds may remain alive in a dormant state depending on the species, within a large range of temperatures. The many different mold species vary enormously in their tolerance to temperature and humidity extremes. Certain molds can survive harsh conditions such as

1080-485: The health impacts of mold has not been conclusive. The term "toxic mold" refers to molds that produce mycotoxins, such as Stachybotrys chartarum , and not to all molds in general. Mold in the home can usually be found in damp, dark or steamy areas, e.g. bathrooms, kitchens, cluttered storage areas, recently flooded areas, basement areas, plumbing spaces, areas with poor ventilation and outdoors in humid environments. Symptoms caused by mold allergy are: watery, itchy eyes;

1120-413: The hyphae. In this way, molds play a major role in causing decomposition of organic material, enabling the recycling of nutrients throughout ecosystems . Many molds also synthesize mycotoxins and siderophores which, together with lytic enzymes, inhibit the growth of competing microorganisms . Molds can also grow on stored food for animals and humans, making the food unpalatable or toxic and are thus

1160-466: The latest version of all AAFCO-approved documents. It has been criticized for being too expensive for pet food consumers to access, and by the FDA's legal advisor team for referring to a non-federal document. The publication is available in book form and, since 2013, an online browsable form. 40°5′38″N 88°14′23″W  /  40.09389°N 88.23972°W  / 40.09389; -88.23972 This United States corporation or company article

1200-465: The load-bearing structure. Professional drying of concealed wall cavities and enclosed spaces such as cabinet toekick spaces may be required. Post-remediation verification of moisture content and fungal growth is required for successful remediation. Many contractors perform post-remediation verification themselves, but property owners may benefit from independent verification. Left untreated, mold can potentially cause serious cosmetic and structural damage to

1240-412: The past, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, or "mad cow disease") spread through the inclusion of ruminant meat and bone meal in cattle feed due to prion contamination. This practice is now banned in most countries where it has occurred. Some animals have a lower tolerance for spoiled or moldy fodder than others, and certain types of molds , toxins , or poisonous weeds inadvertently mixed into

Association of American Feed Control Officials - Misplaced Pages Continue

1280-455: The past, most molds were classified within the Deuteromycota . Mold had been used as a common name for now non-fungal groups such as water molds or slime molds that were once considered fungi. Molds cause biodegradation of natural materials, which can be unwanted when it becomes food spoilage or damage to property. They also play important roles in biotechnology and food science in

1320-461: The production of grass for cattle fodder is a valuable intercrop between crops for human consumption, because it builds the organic matter in the soil. When evaluating if this soil organic matter increase mitigates climate change, both permanency of the added organic matter as well as emissions produced during use of the fodder product have to be taken into account. Some agricultural byproducts fed to animals may be considered unsavory by humans. In

1360-531: The production of various pigments, foods, beverages, antibiotics , pharmaceuticals and enzymes . Some diseases of animals and humans can be caused by certain molds: disease may result from allergic sensitivity to mold spores, from growth of pathogenic molds within the body, or from the effects of ingested or inhaled toxic compounds ( mycotoxins ) produced by molds. There are thousands of known species of mold fungi with diverse life-styles including saprotrophs , mesophiles , psychrophiles and thermophiles , and

1400-723: The quantities of penicillin produced were not always high enough for the treatments required. As this was during the Second World War, Florey sought US government involvement. With research teams in the UK and some in the US, industrial-scale production of crystallized penicillin was developed during 1941–1944 by the USDA and by Pfizer. Several statin cholesterol-lowering drugs (such as lovastatin , from Aspergillus terreus ) are derived from molds. The immunosuppressant drug cyclosporine , used to suppress

1440-663: The rejection of transplanted organs, is derived from the mold Tolypocladium inflatum . Molds are ubiquitous , and mold spores are a common component of household and workplace dust; however, when mold spores are present in large quantities, they can present a health hazard to humans, potentially causing allergic reactions and respiratory problems. Some molds also produce mycotoxins that can pose serious health risks to humans and animals. Some studies claim that exposure to high levels of mycotoxins can lead to neurological problems and, in some cases, death. Prolonged exposure, e.g. daily home exposure, may be particularly harmful. Research on

1480-407: The relative humidity in rooms. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) currently recommends that relative humidity be maintained below 60%, ideally between 30% and 50%, to inhibit mold growth. Eliminating the moisture source is the first step at fungal remediation. Removal of affected materials may also be necessary for remediation, if materials are easily replaceable and not part of

1520-558: The snow-covered soils of Antarctica, refrigeration, highly acidic solvents, anti-bacterial soap and even petroleum products such as jet fuel. Xerophilic molds are able to grow in relatively dry, salty, or sugary environments, where water activity (a w ) is less than 0.85; other molds need more moisture. Common genera of molds include: The Kōji molds are a group of Aspergillus species, notably Aspergillus oryzae , and secondarily A. sojae , that have been cultured in eastern Asia for many centuries. They are used to ferment

1560-400: The work. They enhanced and developed the concentration technique by using organic solutions rather than water, and created the "Oxford Unit" to measure penicillin concentration within a solution. They managed to purify the solution, increasing its concentration by 45–50 times, but found that a higher concentration was possible. Experiments were conducted and the results published in 1941, though

1600-527: Was unable to produce the compound in large enough amounts necessary for production of a medicine. His work was expanded by a team at Oxford University; Clutterbuck, Lovell, and Raistrick, who began to work on the problem in 1931. This team was also unable to produce the pure compound in any large amount, and found that the purification process diminished its effectiveness and negated the anti-bacterial properties it had. Howard Florey , Ernst Chain , Norman Heatley , Edward Abraham , also all at Oxford, continued

#868131