A collector road or distributor road is a low-to-moderate-capacity road which serves to move traffic from local streets to arterial roads . Unlike arterials, collector roads are designed to provide access to residential properties. Rarely, jurisdictions differentiate major and minor collector roads, the former being generally wider and busier.
31-647: The A4241 Port Talbot Peripheral Distributor Road is a distributor road serving Port Talbot , Wales . The A4241 begins at the Sunnycroft roundabout in Baglan near Baglan railway station traversing Seaway Parade in a south westerly direction, where it serves the Baglan Bay area and the Baglan Energy Park, until the junction with Afan Way. The route then continues in a south easterly direction along Afan Way, serving
62-508: A country and the rest of the world is called foreign or international trade , which consists of import trade and export trade, both being wholesale in general. Commerce not only includes trade as defined above, but also the auxiliary services or aids to trade and means that facilitate such trade. Auxiliary services aid trade by providing services which such as transportation , communication , warehousing , insurance , banking , credit financing to companies, advertising , packaging , and
93-699: A country. International commerce can be regulated by bilateral treaties between countries. After the second world war and the rise of free trade among nations, multilateral arrangements such as the GATT and later the World Trade Organization became the principal systems regulating global commerce. The International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) is another important organization which sets rules and resolves disputes in international commerce. Where national government bodies undertake commercial activity with or inside other states, this commercial activity may fall outside
124-498: A general sense, business is the activity of earning money and making one's living through engaging in commerce. However, in a more specific sense, a business is an organization or activity for making a profit by providing goods and services which meet the needs of its customers or consumers. Business organizations typically operate in the primary (dealing with the extraction and sourcing of raw materials) and secondary (dealing with manufacturing intermediate or finished goods) sectors of
155-447: A grid system between arterial roads. Urban planners often consider such roads when laying out new areas of development because infrastructure for utilities such as electric power distribution lines, trunk sewers and water mains can be built through the same corridor . Commerce Commerce is the large-scale organized system of activities, functions, procedures and institutions that directly or indirectly contribute to
186-584: A mixture of signaled intersections , roundabouts , traffic circles , or stop signs , often in the form of four-way stops . Two-way stops are generally used at intersections with local streets that favour traffic movement on the collector. In North America, a collector road normally has traffic lights at intersections with arterial roads, whereas roundabouts and two-way stops are more commonly used in Europe. Speed limits are typically 20‑35 mph (30‑60 km/h) on collector roads in built-up areas, depending on
217-681: A wider variety of goods and services, and encourages innovation and competition for better products . On the other hand, commerce can worsen economic inequality by concentrating wealth (and power ) into the hands of a small number of individuals , and by prioritizing short-term profit over long-term sustainability and ethical , social , and environmental considerations, leading to environmental degradation , labor exploitation and disregard for consumer safety . Unregulated, it can lead to excessive consumption (generating undesirable waste ) and unsustainable exploitation of nature (causing resource depletion ). Harnessing commerce's benefits for
248-481: Is a part of commerce and commerce is an aspect of business. Historian Peter Watson and Ramesh Manickam date the history of long-distance commerce from circa 150,000 years ago. In historic times, the introduction of currency as a standardized money facilitated the exchange of goods and services. Commerce was a costly endeavor in the antiquities because of the risky nature of transportation, which restricted it to local markets. Commerce then expanded along with
279-460: Is categorized into domestic trade , including retail and wholesale as well as local, regional, inter-regional and international/foreign trade (encompassing import , export and entrepôt/re-export trades). The exchange of currencies (in foreign exchange markets ), commodities (in commodity markets /exchanges) and securities and derivatives (in stock exchanges and financial markets ) in specialized exchange markets also falls under
310-437: Is not concerned with the extraction of raw materials and the manufacturing of goods. Viewed in this way, commerce is a broader concept and an overall, all-encompassing aspect of business. Commerce provides the underlying large-scale transactional environment comprising all kinds of exchanges within which individual business organizations operate for generating profits. Commerce is distinguishable from trade as well. Trade
341-670: Is the central portion of the intended complete route running from M4 Junction 38 to the Sunnycroft roundabout on the A48. It connects the existing A48 roundabout near Port Tabot bus station to the Port Talbot Industrial Estate, Port Talbot Docks and Afan Way. The development of this stage involved the purchase of private land, including business premises which needed to be demolished. Traffic calming measures were introduced to Water Street (the existing well used thoroughfare between central Port Talbot and Sandfields) to encourage use of
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#1732869677782372-412: Is the transaction (buying and selling) of goods and services that makes a profit for the seller and satisfies the want or need of the buyer. When trade is carried out within a country, it is called home or domestic trade , which can be wholesale or retail . A wholesaler buys from the producer in bulk and sells to the retailer who then sells again to the final consumer in smaller quantities. Trade between
403-527: The European Union ) or coalitions (like BRICS ) leading to its reconfiguration. The English-language word commerce has been derived from the Latin word commercium , from com ("together") and merx ("merchandise"). Despite many similarities (to the extent that they are sometimes used as synonyms in layman's terms and in other contexts), commerce, business and trade are distinct concepts. In
434-469: The Industrial Revolution fundamentally reshaped commerce. In the post-colonial 20th century, free market principles gained ground, multinational corporations and consumer economies thrived in U.S.-led capitalist countries and free trade agreements (like GATT and WTO ) emerged, whereas communist economies encountered trade restrictions , limiting consumer choice . Furthermore, in
465-698: The Sandfields housing estate to the southwest and the Baglan Industrial Park and Neath Port Talbot Hospital to the northeast. The A4241 then, crosses the River Afan and traverses the northern area of Port Talbot docks . It then continues past the steelworks where it joins the A48 and the M4 motorway at M4 Junction 38. The Peripheral Distributor Road was developed to assist in the industrial and commercial development of
496-426: The 15th to the early 20th century, European colonial powers dominated global commerce on an unprecedented scale, giving rise to maritime trade empires with their powerful colonial trade companies (e.g., Dutch East India Company and British East India Company ) and ushering in an unprecedented global exchange (see Columbian exchange ). In the 19th century, modern banking and related international markets along with
527-597: The M4 which is approaching full capacity around Port Talbot. It is also forecast that traffic volumes will rise in the future by 40%. Since the areas beside the elevated section is well developed, it is not feasible to widen the motorway. The Peripheral Distributor Road scheme is funded by the Welsh Assembly Government Transport Grant, Objective 1 and the Local Regeneration Fund . The scheme
558-439: The degree of development and frequency of local access, intersections, and pedestrians , as well as the surrounding area (the speed tends to be lowest in school zones ). Traffic calming is occasionally used in older areas on collector roads as well. Collector roads can originate in several different ways. Most often, they are planned within a suburban layout and built expressly for that purpose; occasionally, they fill gaps in
589-411: The economy and their goal is to sell raw materials or manufactured goods for profit. In the tertiary sector , businesses sell services for profit. Commerce, in contrast to the concept of business discussed above, deals with the movement and distribution of raw materials as well as finished or intermediate (but valuable) goods and services from the manufacturers to the end customers on a large scale. It
620-534: The improvement of transportation systems over time. In the Middle Ages, long-distance and large-scale commerce was still limited within continents. Banking systems developed in medieval Europe, facilitating financial transactions across national boundaries. Markets became a feature of town life, and were regulated by town authorities. With the advent of the age of exploration and oceangoing ships, commerce took an international, trans-continental stature. Currently
651-512: The mid-20th century, the adoption of standardized shipping containers facilitated seamless and efficient intermodal freight transport , leading to a surge in international trade. By the century's end, developing countries saw their share in world trade rise from a quarter to a third. 21st century commerce is increasingly technology-driven (see e-commerce ), globalized , intricately regulated , ethically responsible and sustainability -focused, with multilateral economic integrations (like
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#1732869677782682-489: The new route. Stage 2 will link the southern end of Stage 1c/Water Street in the Port Talbot Industrial Estate with the M4 Motorway at Junction 38 (Margam Interchange). The route will continue parallel with Dock Road up to Oakwood Road and then cross the vacant land parallel to the railway line . The new road will cross the railway at the existing Corus entrance on Cefn Cwrgan Road, following which, it runs south east across
713-420: The principal factors that give rise to commercial exchanges. Commerce consists of trade and aids to trade (i.e. auxiliary commercial services) taking place along the entire supply chain . Trade is the exchange of goods (including raw materials , intermediate and finished goods ) and services between buyers and sellers in return for an agreed-upon price at traditional (or online ) marketplaces . It
744-676: The reliability of international trans-oceanic shipping and mailing systems and the facility of the Internet has made commerce possible between cities, regions and countries situated anywhere in the world. In the 21st century, Internet-based electronic commerce (where financial information is transferred over Internet), and its subcategories such as wireless mobile commerce and social network -based social commerce have been and continue to get adopted widely. Legislative bodies and ministries or ministerial departments of commerce regulate, promote and manage domestic and foreign commercial activities within
775-468: The services of commercial agents and agencies. In other words, commerce encompasses a wide array of political, economical, technological, logistical, legal, regulatory, social and cultural aspects of trade on a large scale. From a marketing perspective, commerce creates time and place utility by making goods and services available to the customers at the right place and at the right time by changing their location or placement. Described in this manner, trade
806-470: The smooth, unhindered distribution and transfer of goods and services on a substantial scale and at the right time, place, quantity, quality and price through various channels from the original producers to the final consumers within local, regional, national or international economies. The diversity in the distribution of natural resources , differences of human needs and wants , and division of labour along with comparative advantage are
837-561: The society while mitigating its drawbacks remains vital for policymakers , businesses and other stakeholders . Commerce traces its origins to ancient localized barter systems, leading to the establishment of periodic marketplaces, and culminating in the development of currencies for efficient trade. In medieval times, trade routes (like the Silk Road ) with pivotal commercial hubs (like Venice ) connected regions and continents, enabling long-distance trade and cultural exchange . From
868-485: The south western area of Port Talbot, to free the flow of traffic from the busy section of the M4 motorway between Junctions 38 at Margam and Junction 41 at Baglan and to provide environmental improvements, by way of reduced traffic noise and pollution, to the populated residential areas between these junctions. The route of the A4241 provides access to land that is available for development and also removes local traffic from
899-1057: The southern area of the Corus Sports and Social club and adjoining fields, then finally to the Junction with the M4. Environmental works will be carried out to discourage motorists from using the stretch of the A48 through the built up residential areas of Taibach and Margam and to use the new route instead. 51°35′57″N 3°48′23″W / 51.5993°N 3.8063°W / 51.5993; -3.8063 Distributor road Collector roads can vary widely in appearance. Some urban collectors are wide boulevards entering communities or connecting sections. Others are residential streets, which are typically wider than local roads, although few are wider than four lanes. Small-scale commercial areas can be found on collector roads in residential areas. Key community functions such as schools , churches , and recreational facilities can often be found on collector roads. A collector road usually consists of
930-1414: The umbrella of trade. On the other hand, auxiliary commercial activities (aids to trade) which can facilitate trade include commercial intermediaries , banking , credit financing and related services, transportation , packaging , warehousing , communication , advertising and insurance . Their purpose is to remove hindrances related to direct personal contact, payments , savings , funding , separation of place and time, product protection and preservation, knowledge and risk . The broader framework of commerce incorporates additional elements and factors such as laws and regulations (including intellectual property rights and antitrust laws ), policies , tariffs and trade barriers , consumers and consumer trends , producers and production strategies, supply chains and their management , financial transactions for ordinary and extraordinary business activities, market dynamics (including supply and demand ), technological innovation , competition and entrepreneurship , trade agreements , multinational corporations and small and medium-sized enterprisess (SMEs), and macroeconomic factors (like economic stability ). Commerce drives economic growth , development and prosperity , promotes regional and international interdependence , fosters cultural exchange , creates jobs , improves people's standard of living by giving them access to
961-548: Was designed by Neath Port Talbot County Borough Council and tendered under the Engineering and Construction Contract, Option D. The successful tenderer was the Hochtief Griffiths Joint Venture. The route is being developed in stages: Stage 1c included the construction of 1.1 km of a new dual 7.3m carriageway with 2 new roundabouts, footways, a cycleway, new lighting and landscaping works. This section