65-763: The A4113 road is a single-carriageway road that runs from Knighton in Powys to Bromfield in Shropshire , United Kingdom , passing through north Herefordshire . From Knighton (and the A488 ) it heads east along the southern side of the Teme valley (heading downstream), crossing the England–Wales border into Herefordshire, then across the River Teme via Leintwardine Bridge (at 119 metres (390 ft) above sea level). The route then follows
130-499: A GP practice and a Boots pharmacy . Social housing is largely provided by two housing associations , one in Wales (Mid Wales Housing Association) and another in England (South Shropshire Housing Association). Knighton has been twinned with the small Breton town of Varades since August 2009. Statistics confirm Knighton's slow growth since the early 19th century. The population
195-562: A Roman Road north through the Roman village of Leintwardine , leaving the Teme behind. From Leintwardine the route heads rapidly up into the Leintwardine hills, passing at 242 metres (794 ft) above sea level, before descending into Shropshire and terminating at Bromfield ( A49 ), 2 miles (3.2 km) northwest of Ludlow , at an elevation of 91 metres (299 ft) and also returning close to
260-640: A scheduled monument . However, some parts of the Dyke may also remain buried under later development. Some sections are also defined as Sites of Special Scientific Interest , including stretches within the Lower Wye Valley SSSI and the Highbury Wood National Nature Reserve . Parts are located within the Wye Valley and Shropshire Hills Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty . Most of
325-418: A comparatively small town suggests that one (the earlier motte and bailey sited atop the town) went out of use before the establishment of the second (the motte with no bailey at Bryn y Castell). As Knighton Castle was captured and destroyed by Llewelyn ap Gruffyd in 1262, it seems likely that the second, later castle at Bryn y Castell was undertaken after that and was likely sited on lower ground so as to guard
390-504: A fire station served by a part-time crew and part of the Mid and West Wales Fire and Rescue Service . The local police force is Dyfed-Powys Police , but the town has no police station. Knighton Hospital in Ffrydd Road occupies the site of the old workhouse and uses some of its former buildings. It has maternity facilities, but no accident and emergency capability. Primary care is provided by
455-648: A great trench and strong rampart, fortified with several towers, from sea to sea. Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of England, Bk 1-5 However, the solution to the problem lies a few chapters later in Bede's account. In Book One Chapter Twelve of Bede's Ecclesiastical History , he writes that the Romans "built a strong wall of stone directly from sea to sea in a straight line between the towns that had been built as strong-points, where Severus had built his earthwork ... straight from east to west". The strong wall of stone cannot refer to
520-472: A preserved section of Offa's Dyke . The parallel Wat's Dyke a few miles to the east, runs north and south along the English/Welsh border from Basingwerk near Holywell to Oswestry . Dykes aside, two Norman castles , earthen mottes, likely to be from 12th and 13th centuries, are the oldest surviving structures in modern Knighton. There is disagreement about the chronology of the two castles, although
585-455: A series of dates. In one section, these ranged from AD 430 to AD 652 and in another section from AD 887 to AD 1019: confirming that the bank is clearly post-Roman, and that at least some rebuilding work took place after Offa's reign. It has been suggested that Offa's Dyke may have been a long-term project by several Mercian kings. Further excavations by Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust on the Dyke at Chirk Castle found well-preserved remains of
650-426: A town wall, even of timber, has been found. So it is thought more likely that the statement referred to the castle walls, rather than the town. The town church dates from the 11th century, but much of it was rebuilt in the 19th century. It is one of only two in Wales dedicated to St Edward , patron saint of England before St George was chosen. This English dedication is a symptom of the dual English/Welsh nature of
715-456: A visitors' centre in the town alongside the site of the ceremony at which John Hunt, Baron Hunt of Llanfair Waterdine inaugurated the long-distance footpath system in 1971. Much of the route is a bridle path as well as a footpath, with even some vehicles allowed to use it. It is a walk recommended by the Daily Telegraph . The Jack Mytton Way passes nearby and another Wat's Dyke Way
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#1732872409486780-512: Is 2 miles (3 km) away, off the road to Clun . Watling Street , a Roman road , passes a few miles to the east at Leintwardine . Any settlements in the Knighton area would have belonged to the Iron Age kingdom of Cornovii , which coincided with the modern counties of Cheshire , Shropshire , North Staffordshire , North Herefordshire , and parts of Powys and Worcestershire . Knighton includes
845-500: Is 34 miles (55 km) away. The town is remote, but connected with the following towns and villages. Knighton is at 52°20′40″N 3°03′0″W / 52.34444°N 3.05000°W / 52.34444; -3.05000 , in a sparsely populated tract of mid-Wales and the English border marked by a hilly plateau cut by narrow river valleys with a broadly east–west axis. To the west, ground rises steeply towards Radnor Forest , and to
910-488: Is a market town and community on the River Teme , straddling the border between Powys , Wales and Shropshire , England . It lies in the traditional county of Radnorshire. Originally an Anglo-Saxon settlement, Knighton is located on Offa's Dyke , the ancient earthwork that divided the two countries. It later became a Norman defensive border town . The Welsh name, Tref-y-clawdd , meaning and referring to "town on
975-413: Is now often seen as secondary to the modern path, and heritage advice about individual dyke sections is not generally coordinated via any connected overview of the values of the whole monument. Moreover, despite the lasting legacy of Offa's Dyke for English and Welsh communities alike, there is limited public awareness of the monument and its remarkable link to modern ideas of national identity. The proposal
1040-593: Is protected as a scheduled monument . Some of its route is followed by the Offa's Dyke Path , a 177-mile (285 km) long-distance footpath that runs between Liverpool Bay in the north and the Severn Estuary in the south. Although the Dyke has conventionally been dated to the Early Middle Ages of Anglo-Saxon England, research in recent decades – using techniques such as radioactive carbon dating – has challenged
1105-591: The Met Office weather station in Shawbury , can be seen on that page. Though 35 miles (56 km) away, Shawbury is the nearest recording station and has a similar climate. Knighton is in the rain shadow of the Cambrian Mountains , making it slightly warmer and notably drier than the average for Wales. Offa%27s Dyke Offa's Dyke ( Welsh : Clawdd Offa ) is a large linear earthwork that roughly follows
1170-642: The Mid Wales League and for the Aspidistra Radnorshire Cup. Arthur Rowley , brother of England international Jack Rowley , managed the team. Knighton has a swimming pool and leisure centre. In July 2009, Knighton hosted Round 2 of the British Enduro Championship. The Tour of Britain cycle race passed through Knighton in 2014. In birth date order: The town's shops serve a large rural hinterland and employ 18 per cent of
1235-584: The Wall of Severus , a structure built by Septimius Severus , who was Roman Emperor between 193 and 211: Novissimum bellum in Britannia habuit, utque receptas provincias omni securitate muniret, vallum per CXXXIII passuum milia a mari ad mare deduxit. Decessit Eboraci admodum senex, imperii anno sexto decimo, mense tertio. Historiae Romanae Breviarium, viii 19.1 He had his most recent war in Britain, and to fortify
1300-759: The Welsh Assembly Government . The town's remoteness means it has few commuters . Most of the employed (69.45 per cent in 2001) work within a 12 miles (19 km) area. Knighton has a primary school, but for state secondary education pupils travel by bus 8 miles (13 km) to John Beddoes School in Presteigne. Until 1974 Knighton had a secondary modern school , on the site of the current primary school . Knighton Church in Wales Primary School (until 1998 Knighton Voluntary Primary School) had 299 pupils in 2008. In its most recent Estyn inspection it
1365-606: The border between England and Wales . The structure is named after Offa , the Anglo-Saxon king of Mercia from AD 757 until 796, who is traditionally believed to have ordered its construction. Although its precise original purpose is debated, it delineated the border between Anglian Mercia and the Welsh kingdom of Powys . The earthwork, which was up to 65 feet (20 m) wide (including its flanking ditch) and 8 feet (2.4 m) high, traversed low ground, hills and rivers. Today it
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#17328724094861430-694: The Acts of Union, Knighton belonged for nearly 450 years to the traditional County of Radnorshire. This, like several other counties, ceased to exist in 1974, being merged into the county of Powys . The town council of 13 councillors elects once a year a largely ceremonial mayor. Real municipal authority lies with Powys County Council . Knighton electoral ward was represented by two county councillors on Powys County Council until 1999, then only one. These have been Independent councillors or Liberal Democrats . Since May 2021, Knighton has joined with Beguildy to return 2 County Councillors, and it has been represented by
1495-527: The Antonine Wall or Offa's Dyke, so it clearly refers to Hadrian's Wall, especially as Offa's Dyke runs from north to south. Also, as Severus's earthwork is described as being in the same location as Hadrian's Wall, it cannot be Offa's Dyke either, so the earth rampart with a great trench that Bede refers to must be the Vallum , the adjoining earthen barrier immediately south of Hadrian's Wall. Where Bede got it wrong
1560-629: The Dark Ages (aired in 1979), show support for Noble's idea. Most recently, Hill and Margaret Worthington have undertaken considerable research on the Dyke. Their work, though far from finished, has demonstrated that there is little evidence for the Dyke stretching from sea to sea. Rather, they claim that it is a shorter structure stretching from Rushock Hill north of the Herefordshire Plain to Llanfynydd , near Mold, Flintshire , some 64 miles (103 km). According to Hill and Worthington, dykes in
1625-509: The Dyke itself, the Path is longer, and in some places passes at some distance from the earthworks. Opened on 10 July 1971, the Path is one of Britain's longest National Trails , stretching for 283 km (176 mi) from the Severn estuary at Sedbury , near Chepstow , to Prestatyn on the north Wales coast. There is a visitor centre at Knighton . The dyke has a cultural significance symbolising
1690-470: The Dyke seriously compared their conclusions with the late 9th-century writer Asser , who wrote: "there was in Mercia in fairly recent time a certain vigorous king called Offa, who terrified all the neighbouring kings and provinces around him, and who had a great dyke built between Wales and Mercia from sea to sea". In 1955, Sir Cyril Fox published the first major survey of the Dyke. He concurred with Asser that
1755-558: The Dyke was proposed by the Offa's Dyke Association and local authorities for World Heritage Site status. Part of the proposal stated: Offa’s Dyke is a victim of its very scale, nature, meaning and historical success. It is located in two countries, six local authority areas, multiple ownerships and multiple land-use contexts. The main professional stakeholders – such as the English and Welsh path and heritage management agencies – are organisationally and functionally separate. The ancient monument
1820-659: The Fortress of Penygadden." And, for Gwent, Offa had the dyke built "on the eastern crest of the gorge, clearly with the intention of recognizing that the River Wye and its traffic belonged to the kingdom of Gwent". Ongoing research and archaeology on Offa's Dyke has been undertaken for many years by the Extra-Mural Department of the University of Manchester . Interviews with Dr David Hill, broadcast in episode 1 of In Search of
1885-666: The Independent Ange Williams and Liberal Democrat Corinna Kenyon-Wade. Above the county council, the Senedd Cymru – Welsh Parliament forms the next tier of government. Knighton falls within the Westminster constituency of Brecon and Radnorshire , currently held by Fay Jones of the Welsh Conservative Party . Until Brexit , Wales formed one large Wales European Parliamentary constituency . Knighton belongs to
1950-576: The River Teme. In total the A4113 is 14.0 miles (22.5 km) in length. 52°21′11″N 2°53′12″W / 52.35317°N 2.88666°W / 52.35317; -2.88666 This England road or road transport-related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Wales road or road transport-related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Knighton, Powys Knighton ( Welsh : Tref-y-clawdd [trɛvəˈklauð] or Trefyclo )
2015-595: The Senedd constituency of Brecon and Radnorshire , represented by James Evans a Conservative. The few roads and houses that lie across the border in England belong to the civil parish of Stowe, Shropshire . They form part of the Westminster constituency of Ludlow , where the current MP is Philip Dunne , a Conservative . Before Brexit they lay in the European Parliamentary Constituency of West Midlands (European Parliament constituency) . Knighton has
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2080-614: The Welsh (western) side, with the displaced soil piled into a bank on the Mercian (eastern) side. This suggests that Mercians constructed it as a defensive earthwork, or to demonstrate the power and intent of their kingdom. Throughout its entire length, the Dyke provides an uninterrupted view from Mercia into Wales. Where the earthwork encounters hills or high ground, it passes to the west of them. Although historians often overlook Offa's reign because of limitations in source material, he ranks as one of
2145-425: The accepted historiography of Offa's Dyke. Noble postulated that the gaps in the Dyke were not due to the incorporation of natural features as defensive barriers, but instead the gaps were a "ridden boundary", perhaps incorporating palisades , that left no archaeological trace. Noble also helped establish the Offa's Dyke Association, which maintains the Offa's Dyke Path . This long-distance footpath mostly follows
2210-445: The active population – almost as many as manufacturing, at 18.81 per cent. Otherwise Knighton has little industry. Most young people leave after completing their education. Tourism is a crucial area hit hard by the foot and mouth epidemic of 2001. Although wages are low and over 20 per cent of families have no car, Knighton has an unemployment rate (2001) of just 2.88 per cent. Responsibility for economic development lies with
2275-544: The burnt charcoal and burnt clay in situ showed it was covered by earth on or around AD 446. Archaeologists concluded that this part of Wat's Dyke, so long thought of as Anglo-Saxon and a mid-8th-century contemporary of Offa's Dyke, must have been built 300 years earlier in the post-Roman period . In 2014, excavations by the Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust focused on nine samples of the Dyke near Chirk . Radiocarbon dating of redeposited turf resulted in
2340-536: The conquered provinces with all security, he built a wall for 133 miles from sea to sea. He died at York, a reasonably old man, in the sixteenth year and third month of his reign. This source is conventionally thought to be referring, in error, to either Hadrian's Wall , 73 miles (117 km), or the Antonine Wall , 37 miles (60 km), which were both shorter and built in the 2nd century. Recently, some writers have suggested that Eutropius may have been referring to
2405-509: The conventional historiography and theories about the earthwork and shows that part was started in the early 5th century, during the sub-Roman period . The generally accepted theory of the earthwork attributes most of its construction to Offa , King of Mercia from 757 to 796. The structure did not represent a mutually agreed boundary between the Mercians and the Kingdom of Powys . It had a ditch on
2470-614: The crossing point of the River Teme. Bryn y Castell, as the one surviving castle in Knighton by then, was besieged by Owain Glyndŵr in 1402 and destroyed along with much of the town. The major battle of the rebellion was fought in the same year at Pilleth (Welsh: Bryn Glas) 3 miles (5 km), south of the town. Though documents pertaining to the defence of Knighton during the Glyndwr rebellion state that Knighton had stout and defensible walls, no historical, archaeological or topographic evidence for
2535-623: The ditch under later parkland; radiocarbon samples were recovered, but the results have not yet been made public. The England–Wales border still mostly passes within a few miles of the course of Offa's Dyke through the Welsh Marches . A 3-mile (4.8 km) section of the Dyke which overlooks Tintern Abbey and includes the Devil's Pulpit near Chepstow is now managed by English Heritage . All sections of Offa's Dyke that survive as visible earthworks, or as infilled but undeveloped ditch, are designated as
2600-497: The dyke", was first recorded in 1262 and officially given to the town in 1971. The name Knighton probably derives from the Old English cniht (a soldier, thane or freeman) and tūn (farm, settlement or homestead), and may have been founded through a grant of land to freemen. Knighton's earliest history is obscure, despite some local clues: Caer Caradoc (an Iron Age hill fort associated with Caradoc or Caractacus )
2665-548: The earlier is likely to be the one above the town in Castle Road, with its more defensible position, wider panorama and clear evidence of a bailey. The first castle built here would also have overlooked the market place in Market Street and the town planned between Broad Street and St Edwards Church. The town became a borough in 1203, with a charter permitting a weekly market and annual fair. The presence of two castles within
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2730-424: The earthwork later called Offa's Dyke. Most archaeologists reject this theory. The Venerable Bede also mentions the barrier built by Septimus Severus, but Bede says that the rampart was made of earth and timber, a description which would closer match Offa's Dyke than Hadrian's Wall , though it would describe the Antonine Wall : After many great and severe battles, (Severus) thought fit to divide that part of
2795-642: The earthwork ran 'from sea to sea', theorising that the Dyke ran from the River Dee estuary in the north to the River Wye in the south: approximately 150 miles (240 km). Although Fox observed that Offa's Dyke was not a continuous linear structure, he concluded that earthworks were raised in only those areas where natural barriers did not already exist. Sir Frank Stenton , the UK's most eminent 20th-century scholar on Anglo-Saxon England , accepted Fox's conclusions. He wrote
2860-513: The far north and south may have different dates, and though they may be connected with Offa's Dyke, there is as yet no compelling evidence behind this. However, not all experts accept this view. 'Ofer' means 'border' or 'edge' in Old English, giving rise to the possibility of alternative derivations for some border features associated with Offa. The Roman historian Eutropius in his book Historiae Romanae Breviarium , written around 369, mentions
2925-577: The greatest Anglo-Saxon rulers – as evidenced in his ability to raise the workforce and resources required to construct Offa's Dyke. The construction of the earthwork probably involved a corvée system requiring vassals to build certain lengths of the earthwork for Offa in addition to performing their normal services to their king. The Tribal Hidage , a primary document, shows the distribution of land within 8th-century Britain; it shows that peoples were located within specified territories for administration. The first historians and archaeologists to examine
2990-477: The head of a deep vale sheltered on all sides by hills of lofty elevation, crowned with timber of luxuriant growth, and commanding extensive and finely varied prospects over the surrounding country Knighton rests on Ludlovian rocks of the Silurian Period. It was close to the southern edge of the ice-sheet during the last ice age . The average temperature and rainfall figures, taken between 1971 and 2000 at
3055-504: The industrial Midlands. The Knighton Railway Company was formed by local landowners and businessmen to build a line from Craven Arms to the town. Work began in August 1858 and the line reached Knighton in March 1861 . The station itself ensued in 1865. To mark the accession of Queen Elizabeth II in 1953, the initials "ER" were planted in deciduous trees in an evergreen forest on a hill to
3120-490: The introduction to Fox's account of the Dyke. Although Fox's work has now been revised to some extent, it still remains a vital record of some stretches of Offa's Dyke that still existed between 1926 and 1928, when his three field surveys took place, but have since been destroyed. In 1978, Dr Frank Noble challenged some of Fox's conclusions, stirring up new academic interest in Offa's Dyke. His MPhil thesis entitled "Offa's Dyke Reviewed" (1978) raised several questions concerning
3185-443: The island, which he had recovered, from the other unconquered nations, not with a wall, as some imagine, but with a rampart. For a wall is made of stones, but a rampart, with which camps are fortified to repel the assaults of enemies, is made of sods, cut out of the earth, and raised high above the ground, like a wall, having in front of it the trench whence the sods were taken, with strong stakes of wood fixed above it. Thus Severus drew
3250-419: The line of Offa's Dyke is designated as a public right of way , including those sections which form part of the Offa's Dyke Path. In August 2013, a 45-metre (148 ft) section of Dyke, between Chirk and Llangollen , was destroyed by a local landowner. The destruction of the Dyke to build a stable was said to be like "driving a road through Stonehenge ", but the perpetrator escaped punishment. In 2010,
3315-507: The north more gently to the summit of Clun Forest . Turning east, the elevation falls gently to the Shropshire Plain . To the south of the town stands Llan Wen hill. The town centre lies some 174 metres (571 ft) above sea level, although the surrounding hills – Bailey Hill is the highest – rise to 418 metres (1,371 ft). The only major river is the River Teme . According to Samuel Lewis (a mid 19th-century visitor): ... at
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#17328724094863380-414: The north of the town. In August 1970, Knighton hosted a rock festival with bands such as The Move , along with Pete Brown & Piblokto, Roger Bunn , Forever More , Clark-Hutchinson , James Litherland's Brotherhood (James was originally part of Colosseum ) and Killing Floor . The compères were radio DJ Pete Drummond and local resident and bluesman Alexis Korner , who also performed. After
3445-571: The other hidden behind the fire station and in a private garden. The Clock Tower was built in 1872 and is similar to those in Rhayader , Hay on Wye and Machynlleth . On the last Saturday in August the town normally holds an annual Carnival and Show , which attracts visitors from around the world, though it did not take place in 2020 due to COVID-19 . Its two parades, one at midday and another around 8 pm, consist of various themed carnival floats with people in fancy dress . The show takes place at
3510-466: The route of the dyke and is a designated British National Trail . John Davies wrote of Fox's study: "In the planning of it, there was a degree of consultation with the kings of Powys and Gwent. On the Long Mountain near Trelystan , the dyke veers to the east, leaving the fertile slopes in the hands of the Welsh; near Rhiwabon , it was designed to ensure that Cadell ap Brochwel retained possession of
3575-457: The separation between England and Wales: a symbolism similar to Hadrian's Wall between England and Scotland in the Scottish Marches . George Borrow , in his Wild Wales (1862), drawn from folklore , claimed that: [It] was customary for the English to cut off the ears of every Welshman who was found to the east of the dyke, and for the Welsh to hang every Englishman whom they found to
3640-677: The town's showground at Bryn-y-Castell, which is also home to Knighton Town F.C. , Knighton Cricket Club and Knighton Hockey Club. Just outside Knighton and visible for many miles is an observatory with a telescope , Europe's largest camera obscura , and a planetarium . This is part of the Spaceguard UK project, which searches for asteroids . Knighton Community Centre is the town's largest venue for discos, performances, wrestling , bands, artists, and local clubs and organisations. Knighton includes two National Trails : Glyndŵr's Way and Offa's Dyke Path . The Offa's Dyke Association has
3705-501: The town, on the road to Clun . He stayed nearby in Purslow with friends in the 1970s. On a less literary note, Guy N. Smith 's book Knighton Vampires is based locally. The musician, songwriter, historian, and broadcaster Alexis Korner also lived nearby in the 1970s. Knighton has rugby , cricket , football and hockey teams. It has a nine-hole golf course , designed by Harry Vardon in 1906. Knighton Town F.C. plays in
3770-467: The town, which was not legally resolved until 1535, when Knighton was finally confirmed as part of Wales by the Acts of Union . Knighton also has a Baptist chapel and a small Catholic church. Knighton first prospered as a centre of the wool trade in the 15th century and was later an important point on the two drover routes from Montgomery to Hereford , and from London to Aberystwyth . Otherwise, Knighton
3835-517: The tubby former publican Alan Turner in Emmerdale , lived at Skyborry . Knighton is mentioned in A Shropshire Lad by A. E. Housman : We still had sorrows to lighten, One could not always be glad, And lads knew trouble at Knighton, When I was a Knighton lad. Bruce Chatwin was inspired to write a novel, On the Black Hill , by a hill of that name just 2 miles (3 km) north of
3900-414: Was estimated in 2019 at 2,912. The 2001 Census provides a snapshot of Knighton today and allows comparisons with the county and Wales as a whole. Knightonians are less likely to describe their identity as Welsh than inhabitants of other parts of Wales. It is also more homogenous and enjoys higher employment rates. The town includes visible remains of two early castle mottes , one at Bryn-y-Castell and
3965-450: Was graded Good or Satisfactory , the inspectors being largely positive, but critical of "low expectations". Knighton is 137 miles (220 km) from the UK capital city, London, 86 miles (138 km) from the Welsh capital of Cardiff , and 19 miles (31 km) from the county town, Llandrindod Wells . For the smaller part of Knighton that lies in Shropshire , the unitary authority administrative centre, and county town of Shrewsbury
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#17328724094864030-567: Was in attributing the Vallum to Septimius Severus, and saying that it predated the Wall. In fact the Vallum was the work of Hadrian , and slightly post-dated the Wall. Evidence has also been found that challenges the accepted date of the construction of Offa's Dyke. In December 1999, Shropshire County Council archaeologists uncovered the remains of a hearth or fire on the original ground surface beneath Wat's Dyke near Oswestry . Carbon dating analysis of
4095-411: Was proposed. Knighton has featured in two major films. Gone to Earth , released in 1950 and directed by Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger , used the nearby location of Pentre, New Invention . Second Best , released in 1994 and starring William Hurt , was filmed partly in Knighton. The Oscar-winning actor Julie Christie lived nearby in the 1970s. The actor Richard Thorp , famous as
4160-450: Was rejected in 2011. The Offa's Dyke Centre is a purpose-built information centre in the town of Knighton , on Offa's Dyke on the border between England ( Shropshire ) and Wales ( Powys ). Some of the best remains of the earthworks can be seen within a two-minute walk from the centre. The Offa's Dyke Path (Welsh: Llwybr Clawdd Offa ) is a long-distance footpath close to the England–Wales border . Although large sections are close to
4225-461: Was remote from centres of commerce. It seemed likely that the railways would also fail to reach the town; the 1840s and 1850s saw rapid railway building right across Great Britain, but Radnorshire had a small population and little industry. Construction of a railway was made economically just viable by an entrepreneurial drive to connect the Mumbles and Milford Haven with the cities and factories of
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