102-565: Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara , also known as APY , APY Lands or the Lands , is a large, sparsely-populated local government area (LGA) for Aboriginal people , located in the remote north west of South Australia . Some of the Aṉangu (people) of the Western Desert cultural bloc , in particular Pitjantjatjara , Yankunytjatjara and Ngaanyatjarra peoples, inhabit the Lands. Governance of
204-490: A medium of exchange with a credit or debit value accepted within the network, such as a unit of currency. A planned economy is one where political agents directly control what is produced and how it is sold and distributed. A green economy is low-carbon and resource efficient. In a green economy, growth in income and employment is driven by public and private investments that reduce carbon emissions and pollution, enhance energy and resource efficiency , and prevent
306-507: A metric such as silver, bronze, copper, etc. A barley/shekel was originally both a unit of currency and a unit of weight, just as the British Pound was originally a unit denominating a one-pound mass of silver. Most exchange of goods had occurred through social relationships. There were also traders who bartered in the marketplaces. In Ancient Greece , where the present English word 'economy' originated, many people were bond slaves of
408-577: A unitary authority , but the Australian Bureau of Statistics refers to the whole of the ACT as an unincorporated area. The ACT Government directorate Transport Canberra & City Services handles responsibilities that are under the purview of local government in other parts of Australia, such as local road maintenance, libraries and waste collection. Many Canberra districts have community organisations called "community councils", but these are not part of
510-684: A "drug and alcohol crackdown" in South Australian Aboriginal lands – such as the APY Lands. In early August 2007, the Rann South Australian Labor Government announced a$ 34 million package to "improve well-being of Aboriginal people" in the APY Lands. $ 25m was to be spent on improving housing and most of the remaining $ 8m on law enforcement in Amata and Pukatja . In November, SA Police Commissioner Mal Hyde announced
612-592: A Mobile Dialysis Unit, a specially designed truck fitted with three dialysis chairs started operation, visiting remote Aboriginal communities across South Australia, including Pukatja, Mimili, Kaltjiti and Amata in the APY Lands, as well as Marla , Yalata , Coober Pedy , and Leigh Creek . It is run from Purple House, a renal health clinic in Alice Springs , over 400 kilometres (250 mi) away. In July 2018, Health Minister Greg Hunt and Ken Wyatt , then Minister for Indigenous Health, announced increased funding for
714-772: A Report into Sexual Abuse" (aka "the Mullighan report"). In December 2009 the South Australian Parliament passed the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights (Mintabie) Amendment Bill, which was an amendment to the APY Land Rights Act 1981 , the Opal Mining Act 1995 , and by-laws under the APY Land Rights Act 1981 , affecting the mainly non- Indigenous residents of the opal-mining town, Mintabie . This amendment changed
816-586: A geographic or historical interpretation. The council board members are generally known as councillors , and the head councillor is called the mayor . As of August 2016, there were 547 local councils in Australia. Despite the single tier of local governance in Australia, there are a number of extensive regions with relatively low populations that are not a part of any established LGA. Powers of local governments in these unincorporated areas may be exercised by special-purpose governing bodies established outside of
918-513: A global information society as understanding of a new type of "all-connected" society is created. In the late 2000s, the new type of economies and economic expansions of countries like China , Brazil , and India bring attention and interest to economies different from the usually dominating Western-type economies and economic models. A market economy is one where goods and services are produced and exchanged according to demand and supply between participants (economic agents) by barter or
1020-535: A larger workload. The growth of the Regional Organisations of Councils has also been a factor in local government reform in Australia. In 1995, there were 50 such agreements across the country. A 2002 study identified 55 ROCs with the largest involving 18 councils. Local government powers are determined by state governments, and states have primary responsibility for funding and exclusive responsibility for supervision of local councils. Local government
1122-441: A n angu have been wary of opening up the area to mining, concerned about the impact on sacred sites and the environment . In 2003 mining companies were conducting discussions to try to allay these worries. A 2004 parliamentary report on an inquiry by a select committee led by Minister for Aboriginal Affairs Terry Roberts examined the shortcomings of the 1981 Act, which had not addressed entrenched social and economic problems in
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#17330849208511224-632: A number of health initiatives, including expanding renal health units in remote parts, through the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC). In November 2019, a four-bed dialysis clinic was opened in Pukatja, named after Kinyin Mckenzie, who died in Alice Springs while receiving dialysis. The first such clinic in remote South Australia, it was funded mostly by the federal government, but boosted by
1326-610: A profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions starting in the United Kingdom , then subsequently spreading throughout Europe , North America , and eventually the world. The onset of the Industrial Revolution marked a major turning point in human history; almost every aspect of daily life was eventually influenced in some way. In Europe wild capitalism started to replace the system of mercantilism (today: protectionism ) and led to economic growth . The period
1428-403: A shift from 'services to property' towards 'services to people'. Community expectations of local government in Australia have risen in the 21st century partly as a result of wider participation in decision-making and transparent management practices. Recent years have seen some State governments devolving additional powers onto LGAs. In Queensland and Western Australia LGAs have been granted
1530-504: A state. The first economist in the true modern meaning of the word was the Scotsman Adam Smith (1723–1790) who was inspired partly by the ideas of physiocracy , a reaction to mercantilism and also later Economics student, Adam Mari. He defined the elements of a national economy: products are offered at a natural price generated by the use of competition - supply and demand - and the division of labor . He maintained that
1632-578: Is a long strip of limestone breaking through red soil near Fregon/Kaltjiti , where a new water source was found in 2019. The area is one of two places in the world which have landlocked tectonic plates , and drilling samples have been estimated to be between 5 and 10 million years old. To the north of the APY Lands, the MacDonnell Shire Council was created by the Northern Territory in 2008, renamed MacDonnell Region in 2014, spanning
1734-407: Is a social domain of interrelated human practices and transactions that does not stand alone. Economic agents can be individuals, businesses , organizations , or governments . Economic transactions occur when two groups or parties agree to the value or price of the transacted good or service, commonly expressed in a certain currency . However, monetary transactions only account for a small part of
1836-455: Is also applied in philosophy to designate the fading of postmodernism in the late 90s and especially in the beginning of the 21st century. With the spread of Internet as a mass media and communication medium especially after 2000–2001, the idea for the Internet and information economy is given place because of the growing importance of e-commerce and electronic businesses, also the term for
1938-461: Is called Keynesianism in his honor. In the late 1950s, the economic growth in America and Europe—often called Wirtschaftswunder (German for economic miracle ) —brought up a new form of economy: mass consumption economy . In 1958, John Kenneth Galbraith (1908–2006) was the first to speak of an affluent society in his book The Affluent Society . In most of the countries the economic system
2040-692: Is called a social market economy . With the fall of the Iron Curtain and the transition of the countries of the Eastern Bloc towards democratic government and market economies, the idea of the post-industrial society is brought into importance as its role is to mark together the significance that the service sector receives instead of industrialization. Some attribute the first use of this term to Daniel Bell's 1973 book, The Coming of Post-Industrial Society , while others attribute it to social philosopher Ivan Illich's book, Tools for Conviviality . The term
2142-548: Is called the Industrial Revolution because the system of production and division of labor enabled the mass production of goods . The contemporary concept of "the economy" wasn't popularly known until the American Great Depression in the 1930s. After the chaos of two World Wars and the devastating Great Depression, policymakers searched for new ways of controlling the course of the economy. This
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#17330849208512244-606: Is derived from the Middle French 's yconomie , which itself derived from the Medieval Latin 's oeconomia . The Latin word has its origin at the Ancient Greek 's oikonomia or oikonomos . The word's first part oikos means "house", and the second part nemein means "to manage". The most frequently used current sense, denoting "the economic system of a country or an area", seems not to have developed until
2346-722: Is exchanged. Due to the growing importance of the financial sector in modern times, the term real economy is used by analysts as well as politicians to denote the part of the economy that is concerned with the actual production of goods and services, as ostensibly contrasted with the paper economy , or the financial side of the economy, which is concerned with buying and selling on the financial markets. Alternate and long-standing terminology distinguishes measures of an economy expressed in real values (adjusted for inflation ), such as real GDP , or in nominal values (unadjusted for inflation). The study of economics are roughly divided into macroeconomics and microeconomics . Today,
2448-517: Is expected to deliver safer road travel, better access to employment opportunities, improved delivery of food supplies, improved living standards, etc. In January 2019 it was reported that construction started in 2017, and should be completed by 2021. Based in Umuwa, Anangu Pitjantjatjara Services (AP Services), an incorporated body established in 1993, provides essential services such as roads and housing. Regional Anangu Services Aboriginal Corporation (RASAC)
2550-517: Is mentioned in the annotated Australian constitution, as a department of the State Governments, and they are mentioned in the constitutions of each of the six states. Under the Constitution, the federal government cannot provide funding directly to local governments; a 1974 referendum sought to amend the Constitution to authorise the federal government to directly fund local governments, but it
2652-561: Is now known as the APY Lands, with the exception of the eastern part of the APY Lands, which was given over to pastoral leases to Europeans. In 1937, the Presbyterian Church council, spearheaded by Charles Duguid , established the Ernabella Mission on the Lands at the place now known as Pukatja . By the 1950s, many aṉangu were living at the Ernabella Mission, while many others lived at camps on pastoral leases on what are now
2754-447: Is part of a local government area. Unincorporated areas are often in remote locations, cover vast areas, or have very small populations. Queensland and Tasmania are entirely partitioned into LGAs and have no unincorporated areas. The Australian Capital Territory (ACT) has no municipalities. The ACT government is responsible for both state-level and local-level matters. In some countries, such an arrangement would be referred to as
2856-504: Is subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the state/territory it belongs to. The functions and practices of local councils are mostly centered around managing public services and land uses at the community level, and are similar throughout Australia, but can vary to some degree between jurisdictions. State departments oversee the activities of local councils and may intervene in their affairs when needed, subject to relevant legislation. For more details in each state and territory, see
2958-631: Is the City of Brisbane , the most populous LGA in the country, which administers a significant part of the Brisbane metropolitan area . In most cases, when a city's population statistics are used, it is the statistical division population rather than the local government area. The following table provides a summary of local government areas by states and territories by local government area types as of December 2023: The Australian Classification of Local Governments (ACLG) categorises local governing authorities using
3060-463: Is to prevent the loss of the history, and to allow the teaching of it to others in the community . By 2007 the peoples of the region had not had any major economic development, apart from tourism , but there had been proposals to mine in the area. The opal fields of Mintabie came under separate governance that time. The Musgrave Block in the Lands has been viewed as having billions of dollars in potential mineral deposits and petroleum . But
3162-639: The Local Government Act does not mandate adopting a designation, some local government areas are legally known simply as "council", such as Port Macquarie-Hastings Council , Inner West Council and Federation Council . Some rural areas in South Australia are known as "district council", and all the LGAs in Tasmania that were previously municipalities have been renamed "council". Almost all local councils have
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3264-516: The Outback Communities Authority . Victoria has a number of unincorporated areas which are not part of any LGA: Western Australia has two unincorporated areas: Economic An economy is an area of the production , distribution and trade , as well as consumption of goods and services . In general, it is defined as a social domain that emphasize the practices, discourses, and material expressions associated with
3366-703: The Pastoral Unincorporated Area in South Australia . Local governments are subdivisions of the six federated states as well as the Northern Territory . The Australian Capital Territory has no separate local government, and municipal functions in Canberra and the surrounding regions (normally performed by local governments in other states) are performed by the ACT territorial government. The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), however, considers
3468-719: The Ramsay Art Prize , the Sir John Sulman Prize , the Hazelhurst Art on Paper Award the John Fries Award, and others. Nici Cumpston , artistic director of Tarnanthi Festival at Art Gallery of South Australia , regularly visits the APY art centres. The APY Art Centre Collective is a group of ten Indigenous-owned and -governed enterprises which supports artists from across the Lands and helps to market their work. The idea
3570-759: The Top End region, the Northern Territory Rates Act Area and Darwin Waterfront Precinct within Darwin , Nhulunbuy on the Gove Peninsula , Alyangula on Groote Eylandt , and Yulara in Central Australia . In South Australia , 63% of the state's area is unincorporated. Residents in this area – less than 0.2% of the state's population – receive municipal services provided by a state agency,
3672-645: The United States , there is only one tier of local government in each Australian state/territory, with no distinction between counties and cities . The Australian local government is generally run by a council , and its territory of public administration is referred to generically by the Australian Bureau of Statistics as the local government area or LGA , each of which encompasses multiple suburbs or localities (roughly equivalent to neighborhoods) often of different postcodes ; however, stylised terms such as "city", " borough ", " region " and " shire " also have
3774-500: The freeholders . The economic discussion was driven by scarcity . In Chinese economic law, the huge cycle of institutional innovation contains an idea. Serving a non-market economy promotes a firm's tenure that is legally guaranteed and protected from bureaucratic opportunities. In the Middle Ages, what is now known as an economy was not far from the subsistence level. Most exchange occurred within social groups . On top of this,
3876-490: The loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services . A gig economy is one in which short-term jobs are assigned or chosen on-demand. The global economy refers to humanity's economic system or systems overall. An informal economy is neither taxed nor monitored by any form of government. The economy may be considered as having developed through the following phases or degrees of precedence: In modern economies, these phase precedences are somewhat differently expressed by
3978-527: The states and territories , and in turn beneath the federal government . Local government is not mentioned in the Constitution of Australia , and two referendums in 1974 and 1988 to alter the Constitution relating to local government were unsuccessful. Every state/territory government recognises local government in its own respective constitution . Unlike the two-tier local government system in Canada or
4080-521: The three-sector model : Other sectors of the developed community include: The gross domestic product (GDP) of a country is a measure of the size of its economy, or more specifically, monetary measure of the market value of all the final goods and services produced. The most conventional economic analysis of a country relies heavily on economic indicators like the GDP and GDP per capita . While often useful, GDP only includes economic activity for which money
4182-716: The 1650s. As long as someone has been making, supplying and distributing goods or services, there has been some sort of economy; economies grew larger as societies grew and became more complex. Sumer developed a large-scale economy based on commodity money , while the Babylonians and their neighboring city states later developed the earliest system of economics as we think of, in terms of rules/laws on debt , legal contracts and law codes relating to business practices, and private property. The Babylonians and their city state neighbors developed forms of economics comparable to currently used civil society (law) concepts. They developed
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4284-597: The APY Lands as part of his "whole-of-government" plan which aims to measure SA's progress on improving services to Aboriginal communities. He reported afterwards that employment, especially for young people, was a major issue that needed addressing; and the other one was housing. His government was working on a new funding agreement for remote housing with the federal government , after the 10-year National Partnership Agreement on Remote Housing had ended on 30 June. Susan Tilley, Uniting Communities Aboriginal policy and advocacy manager, said that there were about 75 families still on
4386-524: The APY Lands do not observe daylight savings unlike the rest of South Australia. The time zone observed throughout the year is Australian Central Standard Time ( UTC+9:30 ), in line with Darwin rather than Adelaide . The Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara people ( aṉangu ) had lived in this area for many thousands of years. Even after the British began to colonise the Australian continent from 1788 onwards, and
4488-552: The APY body corporate, a land council , are: The area is usually referred to as the APY Lands. A permit is required for visitors to any community on the APY Lands, as they are freehold lands owned by the Aboriginal people. The Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands Rights (Miscellaneous) Amendment Act 2016 determined the boundaries of seven APY electorates to elect the executive board of Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara. The electorates would be: The 2016 census identified
4590-481: The Lands, or nearby, where they would work. Those pastoral leases included Granite Downs , Everard Park, Victory Downs, De Rose Hill, Kenmore Park, and Mount Cavanagh. In 1961, to prevent overcrowding at Ernabella Mission, the Church established what became the community of Amata , but which was originally known as Musgrave Park. At the same time the Church also established what is now the community of Kaltjiti , but which
4692-455: The Lands. The review noted shortcomings in the delivery of human services and infrastructure, and identified a "need to address the issue of the overall governance of the AP Lands and to formalise arrangements within an Act of Parliament and/or the Constitution of Anangu Pitjantjatjara". After wide consultation and consideration of many submissions, the committee made 15 recommendations. One of these
4794-561: The Main Access Road is a major project, originally scheduled to begin in 2015 and be completed in 2019, at a cost of A$ 106.25 m (split 80/20 between federal and state governments). It is an upgrade to 210 kilometres (130 mi) of the main access road between the Stuart Highway and Pukatja/Ernabella, and 21 kilometres (13 mi) of community and airstrip access roads in Pukatja, Umuwa, Kaltjiti/Fregon, Mimili and Iwantja/Indulkana. It
4896-624: The NT to the Petermann Ranges , and in Western Australia . There is a large palaeovalley , a geological term for an ancient, buried river, underneath the APY Lands. A map of the geological formation, complete with scientific and technical terminology, has been translated into Pitjantjatjara by a team of translators, based on the English-language map developed by government agencies. There
4998-547: The Paper Tracker website. The main communities include Indulkana (Iwantja), Mimili , Kaltjiti (Fregon), Pukatja (Ernabella), Amata , Pipalyatjara , and Watarru ; the larger homelands are Kalka , Kanpi , Nyapari and Yunyarinyi (homeland). The APY administration centre of the Lands is located at Umuwa. Mintabie was an opal -mining town, leased back to the Government of South Australia between 1981 and 2019, when
5100-524: The Pukatja Band, and Desert Rain. The Musgrave Ranges , straddling the border between South Australia and the Northern Territory and the Mann Ranges and Tomkinson Ranges , both in the north-west of South Australia, stretch from east to west on the southern side of the NT border. The APY area includes isolated ranges and hills and large sandhill plains, and APY people also have affiliations with land in
5202-560: The South Australian Department for Environment and Water began a five-day cull of the camels, the first mass cull of camels in the area. Professional shooters would kill between 4,000 and 5,000 (or up to 10,000) camels from helicopters, "...in accordance with the highest standards of animal welfare". The APY is renowned for its artists, who are always well-represented in any exhibitions and awards for Indigenous Australian artists . In 2017, APY artists earned 25 nominations in
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#17330849208515304-478: The above-mentioned) as well as other large areas (63% of the state in total), to "manage the provision of public services and facilities to outback communities" which are widely dispersed across the region. The APY LGA encompasses a number of settlements of a range of sizes, many of them being located in the Musgrave Ranges. An interactive map shows the location of communities and further information about each on
5406-617: The area is determined by the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981 (or APYLRA), whereby an elected executive board reports to the Premier of South Australia . The APY's administration centre is located at Umuwa . A large portion of the APY Lands was formerly the North-West Aboriginal Reserve . Due to its links with the Northern Territory and proximity to the border,
5508-415: The basic motive for free trade is human self-interest. The so-called self-interest hypothesis became the anthropological basis for economics. Thomas Malthus (1766–1834) transferred the idea of supply and demand to the problem of overpopulation . The Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in agriculture , manufacturing , mining , and transport had
5610-471: The collective. The individual art centres saw collaboration as a natural progression, because "We're telling the same story, and when we work together it makes us stronger"; in addition, exploitation by third parties is reduced. Local government in Australia [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Local government is the third level of government in Australia , administered with limited autonomy under
5712-553: The colonisation of South Australia from 1836, the aṉangu remained more or less undisturbed for many more years, apart from very occasional encounters with a variety of European explorers. In 1921, with white settlement now beginning to encroach on the aṉangu ' s traditional land, the South Australian Government proclaimed the North-West Aboriginal Reserve . This Reserve consisted of most of what
5814-404: The completion date as June 2021, with a total spend of A$ 4.28 million . SA Water operates desalination plants at Indulkana , Mimili , Kaltjiti (Fregon) and Yunyarinyi (Kenmore Park), which treat the water from local bores . In early 2019, at a site near Kaljiti/Fregon, a new water source was found in a "palaeo-valley", where groundwater is held about 90 metres (300 ft) below
5916-529: The economic domain. Economic activity is spurred by production which uses natural resources, labor and capital. It has changed over time due to technology , innovation (new products, services, processes, expanding markets, diversification of markets, niche markets, increases revenue functions) and changes in industrial relations (most notably child labor being replaced in some parts of the world with universal access to education ). The word economy in English
6018-450: The entire ACT as an " unincorporated " local government area, even though it is technically a state-level administrative region . Although all essentially identical in functions and jurisdictions, Australian local governments have a variety of different titles. The term "local government area" (LGA) is used by the ABS to collectively refer to all local government administrative zones regardless of
6120-522: The final eviction date for the township was set at 31 December 2019. In March 2024, the Kulilaya Festival was held at Umuwa to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the 1981 APY Land Rights Act . It had been delayed for three years owing to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic . Artists, musicians, and dancers presented their history and stories to commemorate the occasion. The word kulilaya approximates to
6222-728: The first stock exchange was founded in Antwerp . Economy at the time meant primarily trade . The European captures became branches of the European states, the so-called colonies . The rising nation-states Spain , Portugal , France , Great Britain and the Netherlands tried to control the trade through custom duties and mercantilism (from mercator , lat.: merchant ) was a first approach to intermediate between private wealth and public interest . The secularization in Europe allowed states to use
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#17330849208516324-504: The first half of the 20th century was the provision of physical infrastructure such as roads, bridges and sewerage. From the 1970s the emphasis changed to community facilities such as libraries and parks, maintenance of local roads, town planning and development approvals, and local services such as waste disposal. Child care, tourism and urban renewal were also beginning to be part of local governments' role. These are financed by collection of local land taxes known as "rates", and grants from
6426-423: The first known codified legal and administrative systems, complete with courts, jails, and government records. The ancient economy was based primarily on subsistence farming . The Shekel are the first to refer to a unit of weight and currency, used by the Semitic peoples . The first usage of the term came from Mesopotamia circa 3000 BC. and referred to a specific mass of barley which related other values in
6528-448: The first time. Significant reforms took place in the 1980s and 1990s in which state governments used metrics and efficiency analysis developed within the private sector in the local government arena. Each state conducted an inquiry into the benefits of council amalgamations during the 1990s. In the early 1990s, Victoria saw the number of local councils reduced from 210 to 78. South Australia, Tasmania and Queensland saw some reductions in
6630-415: The following statistics: The 2006 ABS census figures were not vastly different. The total number of residents was slightly lower, at 2,230, but with a higher percentage born in Australia, at 98%. There were fewer speakers of Pitjantjatjara (58.6%), and more Yankuntjatjara (14.3%). More (46.1%) identified as being affiliated with the Uniting Church, and a similar percentage rented their homes. The upgrade to
6732-415: The following: The Australian Capital Territory is not divided into local government areas, so it is regarded as a single "unincorporated" local government area during censusing . Unlike many other countries, Australia has only one level of local government immediately beneath state and territorial governments. Aside from very sparsely populated areas and a few other special cases, almost all of Australia
6834-445: The government (though they generally receive government funding). They do not have the power to change laws or policies, and their role is limited to advising government. They are effectively residents' associations . New South Wales has three unincorporated areas: In the Northern Territory , 1.47% of the total area and 3.0% of the population are in unincorporated areas. These include the Cox-Daly and Marrakai-Douglas Daly areas in
6936-414: The great conquerors raised what we now call venture capital (from ventura , ital.; risk ) to finance their captures. The capital should be refunded by the goods they would bring up in the New World . The discoveries of Marco Polo (1254–1324), Christopher Columbus (1451–1506) and Vasco da Gama (1469–1524) led to a first global economy. The first enterprises were trading establishments. In 1513,
7038-400: The immense property of the church for the development of towns. The influence of the nobles decreased. The first Secretaries of State for economy started their work. Bankers like Amschel Mayer Rothschild (1773–1855) started to finance national projects such as wars and infrastructure . Economy from then on meant national economy as a topic for the economic activities of the citizens of
7140-416: The licensing system for residential and commercial premises effective 1 July 2012, allowing the Minister responsible for the Opal Mining Act to grant licences. A 2017 report found many instances of non-compliance with the 2009 Amendment as well as other problems occurring in the settlement of Mintabie. It recommended closure of the township, with control reverting to APY. After an appeal by residents failed,
7242-444: The local legislation, as with Victoria 's alpine resorts ; or directly administered by state/territory governments, such as the entirety of the Australian Capital Territory . The administrative area covered by local government councils in Australia ranges from as small as 1.5 km (0.58 sq mi) for the Shire of Peppermint Grove in the Perth metropolitan region , to as big as 624,339 km (241,059 sq mi) for
7344-540: The mayor is elected by the board of fellow councillors . The powers of mayors vary as well; for example, mayors in Queensland have broad executive functions, whereas mayors in New South Wales are essentially ceremonial figureheads who can only exercise power at the discretion of the council. Most of the capital city LGAs administer only the central business districts and nearby central suburbs . A notable exception
7446-566: The meaning of "listen", and was the name of a land rights protest song that was sung frequently in the late 1970s and early 1980s, and since then sung regularly by the Ernabella Choir, the APY Choir, and the Iwiri Choir. Several inma ceremonies were performed, politicians from across the spectrum attended the festival, and performers included Dem Mob , Docker River Band , the Iwiri Choir, Mala,
7548-618: The names of LGAs, and today the stylised titles of " town ", " borough ", " municipality ", " district ", " region ", "community government", " Aboriginal council/shire" and "island" are used in addition. The word "municipality" occurs in some states with differing meanings: in New South Wales it is typically used for older urban areas, and the word is used for some rural towns in South Australia . Larger towns and small metropolitan exurban centres in Queensland and Western Australia simply use
7650-649: The number of local governments while Western Australia and New South Wales rejected compulsory mergers. New South Wales eventually forced the merging of some councils. The main purpose of amalgamating councils was for greater efficiency and to improve operations, but forced amalgamation of councils is sometimes seen as a dilution of representative democracy . An increase in the range of services offered by councils, but only minor cost savings of less than 10% have been noted by academics as outcomes after mergers. The council mergers have resulted in widespread job losses and lingering resentment from some whose roles have experienced
7752-647: The origin of the water was yet to be established, but the water is pure, with low salinity . Government experts were working with Flinders University and the CSIRO to learn more about the source. In January 2020, the government of South Australia declared that due to the 2019–20 Australian bushfire season and drought, feral camels in large numbers were destroying infrastructure and putting families and communities in danger as they searched for water sources. They were also destroying native vegetation, contaminating water supplies and destroying cultural sites. On 8 January 2020
7854-597: The part of local governments. There is no mention of local government in the Constitution of Australia , though it is mentioned several times in the Annotated Constitution of Australia. "Municipal institutions and local government" appears in Annotation 447, and "Power of the Parliament of a Colony" appears under "Residuary Legislative Powers" on pages 935 and 936. The first official local government in Australia
7956-812: The population, the population density and the proportion of the population that is classified as being urban for the council. The classification, at the two-digit level, is: All local governments are approximately equal in their theoretical powers, although LGAs that encompass large cities such as Brisbane and the Gold Coast command more resources due to their larger population base. Unlike local governments in many other countries, services such as police, fire protection and schools are provided by respective state or territory governments rather than by local councils. However, local governments still maintain some responsibility for fire service functions within Queensland and Western Australia. The councils' chief responsibility in
8058-414: The power to independently enact their own local subsidiary legislation , in contrast to the previous system of by-laws . Councils also have organised their own representative structures such as Local Government Associations and Regional Organisations of Councils . Doctrines of New Public Management have shaped state government legislation towards increased freedoms aiming to allow greater flexibility on
8160-484: The prestigious Telstra National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Awards ; two were named as finalists in the Archibald Prize (which was won by one of them, Vincent Namatjira ); 14 APY artists' work made the shortlist for the 2019 A$ 50,000 Wynne Prize for landscape painting ; Peter Mungkuri from Iwantja Arts won the inaugural Hadley's Art Prize ; and in 2019, APY artists also won or were shortlisted for
8262-418: The production, use, and management of resources. A given economy is a set of processes that involves its culture , values , education, technological evolution, history, social organization , political structure , legal systems , and natural resources as main factors. These factors give context, content, and set the conditions and parameters in which an economy functions. In other words, the economic domain
8364-526: The purpose of raising money to build roads in rural and outer-urban regions. Council representatives attended conventions before Federation , however local government was unquestionably regarded as outside the Constitutional realm. In the 1970s, the Whitlam government expanded the level of funding to local governments in Australia beyond grants for road construction. General purpose grants become available for
8466-431: The range of fields of study examining the economy revolves around the social science of economics, but may also include sociology , history , anthropology , and geography . Practical fields directly related to the human activities involving production , distribution , exchange , and consumption of goods and services as a whole are business , engineering , government , and health care . Macroeconomics
8568-643: The residents were evicted. The list of Aboriginal communities (c) and homelands (h): Governance of the area is determined by the APY Land Rights Act 1981 (amended 2017), whereby an elected executive board reports to the Premier of South Australia . The board appoints a general manager for a fixed term. Richard King was elected by the board in April 2015, and his term was extended for a year in March 2023, despite opposition by some councillors. The statutory functions of
8670-416: The sale of paintings by Ernabella Arts , which raised A$ 170,000 towards the centre. At full capacity, the clinic can provide dialysis for up to 16 patients, but there is still a need for some short-stay housing to accommodate those who travel from elsewhere for treatment at Pukatja. As of 2018, the APY Lands were served by police stations situated at Amata , Ernabella , Mimili , Murputja , Umuwa and
8772-408: The same administrative functions and similar political structures, regardless of their naming, and retain a particular designation ("shire", "borough", "town", "city") for historical reasons only. They will typically have an elected council and usually a mayor or shire president responsible for chairing meetings of the council. In some councils, the mayor is a directly elected figure, but in most cases
8874-557: The signing of a new enterprise agreement for South Australia Police that would include incentive packages to lure police to work in rural and remote areas such as the Lands. In May 2008, retired Supreme Court judge the Hon Ted Mullighan QC delivered his supplementary report to his Children in State Care Commission of Inquiry , entitled the "Children on Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands Commission of Inquiry –
8976-519: The south of the Territory from west to east. Western Australia lies to the west. The South Australian LGA to the south of APY Lands is Maralinga Tjarutja (with the District Council of Coober Pedy to the east of that, but not adjoining APY). The Outback Communities Authority is not an LGA, but is the statutory authority responsible for the development of areas adjoining the APY Lands (excluding
9078-493: The state and Commonwealth governments. They are caricatured as being concerned only with the "three Rs": Rates, Roads and Rubbish. However, the roles of local government areas in Australia have recently expanded as higher levels of government have devolved activities to the third tier. Examples include the provision of community health services, regional airports and pollution control as well as community safety and accessible transport. The changes in services has been described as
9180-443: The surface (existing sources being about 30 metres [100 ft] down). Core drill samples have been dated at 5–10 million years old. Pipes were temporarily capped, but elder Witjiti George said that he hoped the water could be used to support a cattle herd, helping to create jobs and an ongoing industry for isolated communities. The new source could also provide much needed drinking water. APY Lands general manager Richard King said
9282-606: The term "town", while in Victoria they are designated as "rural city". Historically, the word "borough" was common for small towns and suburban centers in Victoria, but nowadays only the Borough of Queenscliffe remains as the one and only borough in the entire country. New South Wales and Queensland have also introduced a new term "region" for outback LGAs formed by the amalgamation of smaller shires and rural cities. In New South Wales, where
9384-679: The town of Marla . Specialist policing support is located at Umuwa, including CIB and domestic violence investigators. The station at Umuwa has not been permanently staffed. As of 2020 a new, permanent policing complex is being built at Umawa. It will accommodate officers with specialist response capabilities, as well provide a base for a mobile unit which will be deployed in Fregon/Kaljiti, Indulkana and Pipalytjara. The service will work closely with child protection service agencies address child abuse and family violence issues. The 2019–2020 Government of South Australia agency budget estimates
9486-548: The varying designations, whilst the local governing legislature itself is generally known as a council . In general, an urban / suburban LGA is called a " city ", as in the City of Melbourne , City of Canada Bay and City of Bunbury ; while an exurban / rural LGA covering a larger agricultural / natural area is usually called a " shire ", as in Shire of Mornington Peninsula , Shire of Banana and Lachlan Shire . Sometimes designations other than "city" or "shire" are used in
9588-622: The waiting list for housing, and that maintenance of existing stock and new housing had to be continued. The Nganampa Health Council (NHC), an Aboriginal Community-Controlled Health Organisation, runs all of the clinics in the APY Lands and runs a wide range of services, such as the Tjilpi Pampaku Ngura Aged Care facility and health-related programs "including aged care, sexual health, environmental health, health worker training, dental, women's health, male health, children's health, immunisation, eye health and mental health". In 2014,
9690-578: Was born in 2013, when artists from seven remote art centres got together to look for ways to help the Anangu artists create a network around Australia. It was initially funded from the proceeds of art sales only, but in July 2017 was registered as a public benevolent institution , and as of 2019 was receiving support from the Australia Council , federal and state governments . However the artists themselves manage
9792-539: Was defeated. A 1988 referendum sought to explicitly insert mention of local government in the federal constitution but this was comprehensively defeated. A further referendum was proposed in 2013 , but was cancelled due to the change in the election date . Federal government interaction with local councils happens regularly through the provision of federal grants to help fund local government managed projects. Local government in Australia has very limited legislative powers and no judicial powers , and executive -wise
9894-481: Was established in early 2010 as an offshoot of AP Services, and is now the biggest employer of APY people, with headquarters in Alice Springs and seven community depots. It delivers services such as rental accommodation, aerodromes, building repairs and maintenance, civil works, community patrols, fuel supplies, homeland services and municipal services. A few months after his election in early 2018, Premier Steven Marshall , also responsible for Aboriginal Affairs, visited
9996-494: Was explored and discussed by Friedrich August von Hayek (1899–1992) and Milton Friedman (1912–2006) who pleaded for a global free trade and are supposed to be the fathers of the so-called neoliberalism . However, the prevailing view was that held by John Maynard Keynes (1883–1946), who argued for a stronger control of the markets by the state. The theory that the state can alleviate economic problems and instigate economic growth through state manipulation of aggregate demand
10098-555: Was formed in 1981 by the passing of the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981 by the Parliament of South Australia under Premier Don Dunstan , and includes the Pitjantjatjara , Yankunytjatjara and Ngaanyatjarra groups. "Ara Irititja" is a project of the APY, commenced in 1994 to identify, copy and electronically record historical materials about the Anangu (Pitjantjatjara/Yankunytjatjara people). Its purpose
10200-600: Was the Perth Town Trust , established in 1838, only three years after British settlement. The Adelaide Corporation followed, created by the province of South Australia in October 1840. The City of Melbourne and the Sydney Corporation followed, both in 1842. All of these early forms failed; it was not until the 1860s and 1870s that the various colonies established widespread stable forms of local government, mainly for
10302-747: Was the establishment of a permanent police presence, as one of several strategies used to combat the problems of petrol sniffing and family violence . In July 2007 South Australia Police in co-operation with liquor outlets in Coober Pedy (250 km to the south-east entrance to the Lands) agreed to create a register of alcohol purchases, to enable police to identify persons who purchased large quantities of alcohol in Coober Pedy potentially for transportation into Aboriginal lands. Also in July, Commonwealth Indigenous Affairs Minister Mal Brough offered federal help for
10404-530: Was then known as Fregon. In 1968, what is now the community of Indulkana was established by the South Australian Government, as a base from which to provide welfare services to aṉangu living in camps on pastoral leases, where work was becoming increasingly difficult to find. At that time, the surrounding area was excised from pastoral leases and declared the Indulkana Aboriginal Reserve. The body now known as Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara
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