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54-458: The province is considered part of Western Armenia and was part of the ancient province of Ayrarat of Kingdom of Armenia . Before the Armenian genocide , modern Ağri Province was part of the six Armenian vilayets . The province is considered part of Turkey and has a Kurdish majority. Ağrı province is divided into eight districts (capital district in bold ): Ağrı province is surrounded by

108-491: A 2012 survey, 36% of Armenians asked agree or somewhat agree that Turkish recognition of the Armenian Genocide will result in territorial compensation, while 45% believe it will not. The online publication Barometer.am wrote: "It appears that our pragmatic population believes that all possible demands should be forwarded to Turkey [...] but a relative majority consider the practical realization of territorial claims to Turkey

162-736: A bishopric, which the Annuario Pontificio lists as suffragan of the Archdiocese of Comachus , but in Notitiae Episcopatuum from the seventh and early tenth centuries, its (later?) Metropolitan is the Archdiocese of Caesarea in Cappadocia . In either case, it was in the sway of the Patriarchate of Constantinople . Its historically recorded Suffragan Bishops were : After the long Byzantine-Sasanian War of 572-591 , Byzantine rule

216-467: A curling hall were built in Erzurum. In May 1894, American bicyclist Frank Lenz disappeared outside the city on the final leg of his quest to circumnavigate the globe on a bike. Erzurum has a humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification : Dfb, Trewartha climate classification : Dcbc ) with very cold, snowy winters and warm, dry summers. The average maximum daily temperature during August

270-684: A highly important strategic location and was fiercely contested in wars between the Byzantines and Persians. Emperors Anastasius I and Justinian I both refortified the city and built new defenses during their reigns. Theodosiopolis was conquered by the Umayyad general Abdallah ibn Abd al-Malik in 700/701. It became the capital of the emirate of Ḳālīḳalā and was used as a base for raids into Byzantine territory. Though only an island of Arab power within Christian Armenian-populated territory,

324-530: A joint statement on the centenary of the Sèvres Treaty, stating that the treaty is the only international document defining the border between Armenia and Turkey. "The Treaty of Sevres is a valid international treaty, although it has not been ratified by all signatories, but it has not been legally replaced by any other international instrument. At least from the point of view of the rights of the Armenian Cause,

378-517: A motif that has been a common symbol throughout Anatolia since the Bronze Age . Erzurum has winter sports facilities, hosted the 2011 Winter Universiade , and the 2023 Winter Deaflympics (in March 2024). The city was originally known in Armenian as Karno K'aghak' ( Armenian : Կարնոյ քաղաք ), meaning city of Karin , to distinguish it from the district of Karin ( Կարին ). It is presumed its name

432-588: A neighboring commercial city named Artze (Arcn, Arzan; Armenian: Արծն) was heavily sacked by the Seljuks. Its Armenian , Syrian , and other Christian inhabitants moved to Theodosiopolis, which they began calling Artsn Rum (meaning 'Artze of the Rûm ', i.e., Romans ) to distinguish it from their former residence. Some older sources derive the name Erzurum from the Arabic Arḍu ar-Rūm ( Arabic : ارض الروم ) 'land of

486-479: Is Batı Ermenistan . The region has been officially described as Eastern Anatolia ( Doğu Anadolu ) since the seven geographical regions of Turkey were defined at the 1941 First Geography Congress . Throughout much of recorded history the eastern boundary of Anatolia was not considered to extend as far as the Araxes , the river which marks the present day boundary between the states of Armenia and Iran . After

540-484: Is an exquisite dessert made with walnut. Other regional foodstuffs include Su böreği (wet pastry), ekşili dolma (sour stuffed vegetables), kesme çorbası (soup), ayran aşı yayla çorbası (nomads soup), çiriş , şalgam dolması (stuffed turnip), yumurta pilavı (egg pilaf), and kadayıf dolması . The Erzurum Technical University and the Atatürk University are located in Erzurum. Sanasarian College

594-670: Is called Autisparate . After the Arab conquest of Armenia in the seventh century, the city was known to the Arabs as Kālīkalā (adopted from the original Armenian name Karno K'aghak' ( Armenian : Կարնոյ քաղաք ), meaning 'Karin City', to distinguish it from the district of Karin ( Կարին ). It received its present name after its conquest by the Seljuk Turks following the Battle of Manzikert in 1071. In 1048/49,

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648-634: Is considered an example of cultural genocide . Since 2000, an organizing committee of the congress of heirs of Western Armenians who survived the Armenian genocide is active in diasporan communities . On August 10, 2020, the three traditional Armenian parties—the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF, Dashnaks), Social Democrat Hunchakian Party (Hunchaks) and the Armenian Democratic Liberal Party (Ramgavars)—issued

702-566: Is mountainous, 29% is plain, 18% is plateau, and 7% high meadow. As well as Ararat there are many other peaks over 3,000m, including Mount Kösedağ , Aladağlar and Tendürek . The plains are fertile, being covered in volcanic deposits, and are used for growing grains and grazing. Various tributaries of the Murat River (which later feeds the Euphrates ) flow through the area and water these plains. The high meadows are used for grazing. The weather here

756-623: Is presented by BB Erzurumspor in association football. It was founded as "Gençler Birliği Gençlik Spor Kulübü" in 1967 and took present name in 2014. It played in the Turkish Super League in 2018-19 and 2020-21 seasons. Erzurum's football venue, the Cemal Gürsel Stadium , has a seating capacity for 21,900 spectators. To be able to carry out the competitions of the Winter Universiade, a ski jumping ramp, an ice hockey arena and

810-671: Is the ending point of the South Caucasus Pipeline , also called the Baku - Tbilisi -Erzurum (BTE) pipeline. Erzurum will also be the starting point of the planned Nabucco pipeline which will carry natural gas from the Caspian Sea basin to the European Union member states. The intergovernmental agreement between Turkey, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary and Austria to build the Nabucco pipeline

864-431: Is unrealistic." Erzurum Erzurum ( Armenian : Կարին , romanized :  Karin ; Kurdish : Erzîrom ) is a city in eastern Anatolia , Turkey . It is the largest city and capital of Erzurum Province and is 1,900 meters (6,233 feet) above sea level. Erzurum had a population of 367,250 in 2010. It is the site of ancient Theodosiopolis. The city uses the double-headed eagle as its coat-of-arms,

918-604: Is very cold (average temperatures are around -10 °C (14 °F) in winter) and the mountainsides are mainly bare. There are a number of important passes and routes through the mountains. The plateau of Ağrı was controlled by the Kingdom of Urartu until its transition to the Kingdom of Armenia . The area was coveted by many as a gateway between east and west. It was conquered numerous times by Assyrians , Achaemenid Persians , Greeks , Romans , Byzantines , Arabs , Georgians , Mongols , different Persian Empires , and finally by

972-514: The Aras Mountains from the north. Ağrı is named after the nearby Mount Ararat , a 5,137 metres (16,854 ft) high stratovolcano , the highest mountain in Turkey and a national symbol to Armenians (see Western Armenia ). It can be climbed from here and can be seen from parts of Azerbaijan , Iran , Georgia , and Armenia . The nearest town to the mountain is Doğubayazıt . 46% of the province

1026-620: The Diaspora : US , France , Lebanon , Syria , Argentina , etc.). Archaic names (used before the 1920s) include Tačkahayastan (Տաճկահայաստան) in Eastern and Daǰkahayasdan in Western Armenian. Also used in the same period were T'urk'ahayastan (Թուրքահայաստան) or T'rk'ahayastan (Թրքահայաստան), both meaning Turkish Armenia . In the Turkish language , the literal translation of Western Armenia

1080-510: The Ilkhanate , and later on the city was under Empire of Trebizond occupation for a while around the 1310s. Then became part of the Çoban beylik, Black Sheep Turkmen , empire of Timur Lenk and White Sheep Turkmen . It subsequently passed to Safavid Persia , until the Ottomans under Selim I in 1514 conquered it through the Battle of Chaldiran . During Ottoman imperial rule, the city served as

1134-747: The Ottoman Empire ) that comprise the historical homeland of the Armenians . Western Armenia, also referred to as Byzantine Armenia , emerged following the division of Greater Armenia between the Byzantine Empire (Western Armenia) and Sassanid Persia ( Eastern Armenia ) in AD 387. Since the Armenian genocide , the Armenian diaspora as well as Armenians indigenous to modern Turkey have sought political representation in Western Armenia or reunification with

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1188-889: The Ottoman-Persian War (1623–1639) , Western Armenia became decisively part of the Ottoman Empire . After the Russo-Turkish War, 1828–1829 , the term "Western Armenia" referred to the Armenian -populated historical regions of the Ottoman Empire that remained under Ottoman rule after the eastern part of Armenia was ceded to the Russian Empire by the Qajar Persians , following the Russo-Persian War (1804–1813) and Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) . Western (Ottoman) Armenia consisted of six vilayets ( vilâyat-ı sitte ):

1242-756: The Ottoman–Persian War (1730–35) , but the city returned to Ottoman possession following his death in 1747. In 1821, during the last major Ottoman-Persian War , the Ottomans were decisively defeated at Erzurum by the Iranian Qajars at the Battle of Erzurum (1821) . In 1829 the city was captured by the Russian Empire , but was returned to the Ottoman Empire under the Treaty of Adrianople (Edirne), in September of

1296-568: The Russian Revolution of 1917 put a stop to all Russian military operations and Russian forces began to conduct withdrawals. The first and second congresses of Western Armenians took place in Yerevan in 1917 and 1919. The Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement of 26 April 1916 between Russian Foreign minister Sergey Sazonov and French ambassador to Russia Maurice Paléologue proposed to give Western Armenia to Russia in return for Russian assent to

1350-549: The Rûm '. During the brief period it came under Georgian rule, the city was known as Karnu-kalaki ( Georgian : კარნუ-ქალაქი ). The following variants of the name also occur: Erzerum , Arzrum . The surroundings of Erzurum at the Urartian period presumably belonged to Diauehi . Later, Erzurum existed under the Armenian name of Karin. During the reigns of the Artaxiad and Arsacid kings of Armenia , Karin served as

1404-615: The Seljuq and Ottoman Turks . The first Muslims in the area were the Abbasids in 872. The Turkish tribes began to pass through in huge numbers following the defeat of the Byzantine armies at Malazgirt in 1071, sometimes pursued by Mongols . The land was brought into the Ottoman Empire by Sultan Selim I following the Battle of Chaldiran . The region was part of the Erzurum Vilayet during

1458-560: The Sykes–Picot agreement . Currently, Armenia does not have any territorial claims against Turkey , although one political party, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation , the largest Armenian party in the diaspora , claims the area given to the Republic of Armenia (1918–1920) by US President Woodrow Wilson 's arbitral award as part of the Treaty of Sèvres in 1920, also known as Wilsonian Armenia . Since 2000, an organizing committee of

1512-527: The Treaty of San Stefano . There were massacres of the city's Armenian citizens during the Hamidian massacres (1894–1896). The 40,000-strong Armenian population was deported from the city and killed en masse during the 1915 Armenian genocide . Their cultural institutions, including churches, clubs, and schools, were looted, destroyed, or otherwise left derelict. When Russian forces occupied Erzurum in 1916, there were scarcely 200 Armenians left alive. The city

1566-505: The 19th century, the Russian Empire conquered all of Eastern Armenia from Iran , and also some parts of Turkish Armenia, such as Kars . The region's Armenian population was affected during the widespread massacres of Armenians in the 1890s . The Armenians living in their ancestral lands were exterminated or deported by Ottoman forces during the 1915 Armenian genocide and over the following years. The systematic destruction of Armenian cultural heritage, which had endured over 4000 years,

1620-561: The Ottoman Empire. In the late 1920s, in an attempt to curb the Ararat rebellion , the province was included into the First Inspectorate-General ( Turkish : Birinci Umumi Müfettişlik ) comprising the provinces of Mardin , Diyarbakır , Van , Elazıĝ , Bitlis , Hakkari , Şanlıurfa and Siirt . In September 1935 the province was transferred into the third Inspectorate General ( Umumi Müfettişlik, UM). The third UM span over

1674-619: The Republic of Armenia and the Armenian nation, it remains a promissory note based on international law." In the Armenian language , there are several names for the region. Today, the most common is Arevmtyan Hayastan (Արևմտյան Հայաստան) in Eastern Armenian (mostly spoken in Armenia , Russia , Georgia , Iran ) and Arevmdean Hayasdan (Արեւմտեան Հայաստան) in Western Armenian (spoken in

Ağrı Province - Misplaced Pages Continue

1728-465: The Republic of Armenia. The area was conquered by the Ottomans in the 16th century during the Ottoman–Safavid War (1532–1555) against their Iranian Safavid arch-rivals. Being passed on from the former to the latter, Ottoman rule over the region became only decisive after the Ottoman–Safavid War of 1623–1639 . The area then became known also as Turkish Armenia or Ottoman Armenia . During

1782-537: The capital of the eponymous canton of Karin , in the province Bardzr Hayk' (Upper Armenia). After the partition of Armenia between the Eastern Roman Empire and Sassanid Persia in 387 AD, the city passed into the hands of the Romans who fortified the city and renamed it Theodosiopolis, after Emperor Theodosius I . As the chief military stronghold along the eastern border of the empire, Theodosiopolis held

1836-636: The citadel fortress, and the 13th century Çifte Minareli Medrese (the "Twin Minaret" madrasa). Visitors may also wish to visit the Çobandede Bridge , which dates back to late 13th century, the Lala Mustafa Pasha Mosque and the Grand Mosque . One specialty of Erzurum's cuisine is Cağ Kebab . Although this kebab variety is of recent introduction outside its native region, it is rapidly attaining widespread popularity around Turkey. Kadayıf Dolması

1890-460: The city. On the eve of the First World War, 37,480 Armenians lived in the kaza of Erzurum, with 43 churches, three monasteries and 52 schools. All but about 200 Armenians were executed during the Armenian genocide . Today, the city has a Lom population. One of the largest source of income and economic activity in the city has been Atatürk University . Established in 1950, it is one of

1944-472: The congress of heirs of Western Armenians who survived the Armenian genocide is active in diasporan communities. A 2014 survey in Armenia asked what kind of demands should Armenia make to Turkey. Some 80% agreed that Armenia should make territorial claims (30% said only territorial claims, while another 50% said territorial, moral, financial, and proprietary). Only 5.5% said no demands should be made. According to

1998-471: The former bishopric remains a Latin Catholic titular see , renamed as Titular Archiepiscopal See of Aprus. Its post is vacant since 1968, Antonio Gregorio Vuccino was its last archbishop. In 1829, Erzurum had 130,000 inhabitants, including 30,000 Armenians. In 1909, there were 60,000 inhabitants, including 15,000 Armenians (2,500 families). Armenians mainly lived in the northern and northwestern districts of

2052-482: The incident. The economy is mainly agricultural. People also live by breeding animals. Ağrı attracts tourists to the mountains, for climbing and trekking in summers, and skiing in winters. Places of interest include: Western Armenia Western Armenia ( Western Armenian : Արեւմտեան Հայաստան, Arevmdian Hayasdan ) is a term to refer to the western parts of the Armenian highlands located within Turkey (formerly

2106-510: The key founders of the modern Turkish Republic , resigned from the Ottoman army in Erzurum and was declared an "Honorary Native" and freeman of the city, which issued him his first citizenship registration and certificate (Nüfus Cuzdanı) of the new Turkish Republic. The Erzurum Congress of 1919 was one of the starting points of the Turkish War of Independence . In September 1935, Erzurum was made

2160-456: The largest universities in Turkey, having more than forty-thousand students. Tourism also provides a portion of the province's revenues. The city is a popular destination in Turkey for winter sports at the nearby Palandöken Mountain . Erzurum is notable for the small-scale production of objects crafted from Oltu stone : most are sold as souvenirs and include prayer beads, bracelets, necklaces, brooches, earrings and hairclips. For now, Erzurum

2214-498: The main base of military power in the region. It served as the capital of the eyalet of Erzurum . Early in the seventeenth century, the province was threatened by Safavid Persia and a revolt by the province governor Abaza Mehmed Pasha . This revolt was combined with Jelali Revolts (the uprising of the provincial musketeers called the Jelali), backed by Iran and lasted until 1628. In 1733, Iranian ruler Nader Shah took Erzurum during

Ağrı Province - Misplaced Pages Continue

2268-582: The native population was generally a reliable client of the Caliph's governors. As the power of the Caliphate declined, and the resurgence of Byzantium began, the local Armenian leaders preferred the city to be under the control of powerless Muslim emirs rather than powerful Byzantine emperors . In 931, and again in 949, Byzantine forces led by Theophilos Kourkouas , grandfather of the future emperor John I Tzimiskes , captured Theodosiopolis. Its Arab population

2322-564: The provinces of Erzurum , Artvin , Rize , Trabzon , Kars Gümüşhane , Erzincan and Ağrı. It was governed by an Inspector General seated in the city of Erzurum . The Inspectorate General was dissolved in 1952 during the Government of the Democrat Party . On August 19, 2006, the Tabriz–Ankara gas pipeline exploded in the province. Turkish authorities suspect Kurdish rebels were behind

2376-644: The same year. During the Crimean war Russian forces approached Erzurum, but did not attack it because of insufficient forces and the continuing Russian siege of Kars . The city was unsuccessfully attacked ( Battle of Erzurum (1877) ) by a Russian army in the Russo-Ottoman War of 1877–78. However, in February 1878, the Russians took Erzurum without resistance, but it was again returned to the Ottoman Empire , this time under

2430-444: The seat of the newly created third Inspectorate General ( Umumi Müfettişlik, UM). The third UM span over the provinces of Erzurum , Artvin , Rize , Trabzon , Kars Gümüşhane , Erzincan and Ağrı . It was governed by an Inspector General. The Inspectorate General was dissolved in 1952 during the Government of the Democrat Party . Theodosiopolis was important enough in the Late Roman province of Armenia Tertia to become

2484-461: The spring 1915. On 24 April 1915, Armenian intellectuals and community leaders were deported from Constantinople . Depending on the sources cited, about 1,500,000 Armenians were killed during this act. During the Caucasus campaign of World War I , the Russian Empire occupied most of the Armenian-populated regions of the Ottoman Empire. A temporary provincial government was established in occupied areas between 1915 and 1918. The chaos caused by

2538-450: The vilayets of Erzurum , Van , Bitlis , Diyarbekir , Kharput , and Sivas . The fate of Western Armenia – commonly referred to as "The Armenian Question " – is considered a key issue in the modern history of the Armenian people. In 1894–1896 and 1915 the Ottoman Empire perpetrated systematic massacres and forced deportations of Armenians resulting in the Armenian genocide . The massive deportation and killings of Armenians began in

2592-453: Was also the location of one of the key battles in the Caucasus Campaign of World War I between the armies of the Ottoman and Russian Empires . This resulted in the capture of Erzurum by Russian forces under the command of Grand Duke Nicholas and Nikolai Nikolaevich Yudenich on February 16, 1916. Erzurum reverted to Ottoman control after the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918. In 1919, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk , one of

2646-402: Was derived from a local tribe called the Karenitis. An alternate theory contends that a local princely family, the Kamsarakans , the Armenian off-shoot of the Iranian Kārin Pahlav family , lent its name to the locale that eventually became the city. During Roman times, Erzurum was named Theodosiopolis ( Latin : Theodosiopolis , Greek : Θεοδοσιούπολις ). On the Tabula Peutingeriana it

2700-450: Was expelled and the city was resettled by Greeks and Armenians. Emperor Basil II rebuilt the city and its defenses in 1018 with the help of the local Armenian population. In 1071, after the decisive battle at Manzikert , the Seljuk Turks took possession of Theodosiopolis. The Saltukids were rulers of an Anatolian beylik (principality) centered in Erzurum, who ruled from 1071 to 1202. Melike Mama Hatun , sister of Nâsırüddin Muhammed,

2754-497: Was extended to all western parts of Armenia , and emperor Maurice (582-602) decided to strengthen political control over the region by supporting pro- Chalcedonian fraction of the Armenian Church. In 593, regional council of western Armenian bishops met in Theodosiopolis, proclaimed allegiance to the Chalcedonian Definition and elected John (Yovhannes, or Hovhannes) of Bagaran as new Catholicos of Chalcedonian Armenians. As Ancient Theodosiopolis in Armenia (or "in Cappadocia"),

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2808-401: Was formerly in Erzerum. Erzurum has hosted the following international winter sports events: The city's initial football club Erzurumspor , which during 1998–2001 played in the Turkish Super League , was forced to relegate to the Turkish Regional Amateur League due to financial problems. It was finally dissolved in 2015. After dissolution of Erzurumspor due to financial problems, Erzurum

2862-539: Was signed by five Prime Ministers on 13 July 2009 in Ankara. The European Union was represented at the ceremony by the President of the European Commission Jose Manuel Barroso and the Commissioner for Energy Andris Piebalgs , while the United States was represented by the Special Envoy for Eurasian Energy Richard Morningstar and the Ranking Member of the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations Senator Richard Lugar . Little of medieval Erzurum survives beyond scattered individual buildings such as

2916-460: Was the ruler between 1191 and 1200. Theodosiopolis repelled many attacks and military campaigns by the Seljuks and Georgians (the latter knew the city as Karnu-Kalaki) until 1201 when the city and the province was conquered by the Seljuk sultan Süleymanshah II . Erzen-Erzurum fell to the Mongol siege in 1242, and the city was looted and devastated. After the fall of the Sultanate of Rum in early 14th century, it became an administrative province of

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